英语考试英译汉(1)文档格式.docx

英语考试英译汉(1)文档格式.docx

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Historyofaviation@#@[1]ThediscoveryofthekitethatcouldflyintheairbytheChinesestartedhumansthinkingaboutflying.KiteswereusedbytheChineseinreligiousceremonies.Theybuiltmanycolorfulkitesforfun.Moresophisticatedkiteswereusedtotestweatherconditions.Kiteshavebeenimportanttotheinventionofflightastheyweretheforerunnertoballoonsandgliders.@#@[2]Forcenturiesmanhasdreamedtosoarwiththebirds.FamousinventorssuchasLeonardodaVinci,JohnStringfellow,andLawrenceHargravehaveconjuredupideasofhowtogetsomeofthestrangestmachinestoflylongbeforetheWrightbrothers9famousfirstflightatKittyHawk.@#@[3]Thefirstformofanaircraftwasthekite,designedinthe5thcenturyBC.Lateroninthe13thcentury.RogerBacon,anEnglishmonk,performedstudieswhichlatergavehimtheideathataircouldsupportacraftjustlikewatersupportsboats.Inthe16thcentury,LeonardodaVincistudiedbirdsflight,andlaterproducedtheairscrewandtheparachute.Theairscrew,leadingtothepropellerlateron,andtheparachuteweretremendouslyimportantcontributionstoaviation.Heenvisionedthreedifferenttypesofheavier-than-aircraft:

@#@thehelicopter,glider,andomithopter（amachinewithmechanicalwingswhichflaptomimicabird）.AlthoughLeonardo'@#@sdesignswereimpractical,seeingtheyrequiredhumanmuscularpowerwhichwasinsufficienttogenerateflightwiththeaircraftheenvisioned,hewasvitaltoaviationbecausehewasthefirsttomakescientificsuggestions.@#@[4]Someofthemorecredibledevelopmentsinactualflightandstabilityoccurredinthe19thcentury.BritishSirGeorgeCayleydesignedacombinedhelicopterandhorizontallypropelledaircraft,andBritishFrancisHerbertWenhamusedwindtunnelsinhisstudiesandpredictedtheapplicationofmultiplewingsplacedaboveeachother.AnotherfamousinventorwasJohnStringfellow,whodesignedasteamenginepoweredaircraftwhichwaslaunchedfromawire.Thismodeldemonstratedliftbutfailedtoactuallyclimb.LawrenceHargrave,aBritish-bornAustralianinventor,createdarigid-wingaircraftwithflappingbladesoperatedbyacompressed-airmotor,itflew312fit（95m）in1891.Afamousgliderdeveloperinthe19thcenturywasJeanMarieLeBris,aFrenchmanwhotestedagliderwithmovablewings.@#@[5]Someofthemostimportantfull-scalemodelflightattemptsweremadebySamuelLangley,whocreatedthefirstheavier-than-air,gasoline-poweredenginewhichactuallyflew.The"@#@aerodrome"@#@,whichhecalledit,waspoweredbya53horsepower5-cylinderradialengineandlatercrashedintothePotomacriveronDecember1903-daysbeforetheWright'@#@shistoricflight.@#@[6]Throughoutthelastcentury,majordevelopmentswouldgiveinventorsasoundbasisinexperimentalaerodynamics,althoughstabilityandcontrolrequiredforsustainedflighthadnotbeenacquired.Mastimportantly,inventorsnoticedthatsuccessfulpoweredflightrequiredlightgasolineenginesinsteadofthecumbersomesteamenginespreviouslyused.@#@[7]From1903totoday,itsremarkablehowfaraviationhascome.OnDecember17,1903,at10:

@#@35am,theWrightBrothers'@#@madethefirstheavier-than-air,machinepoweredflightwhichlasted12secondsandspanned120feet.@#@[8]Theirfirstflightwas102feetshortofthewingspanoftheC-5Galaxytoday,yettheydidwhateverymanandwomanhasdreamedforcenturies...theyflew.Yet,notallflightswerevictorious,onSeptember17,theiraircraftcrashed,injuringOrvilleandhispassenger（LieutenantThomasE.Selfridge）.Selfridgelaterdiedofaconcussionandwasthefirstpersontobekilledinapoweredairplane.YettheshowwentonandWilburwenttoFranceinAugust1908,andonDecember31,1908,hecompleteda2hour20minuteflightwhichdemonstratedfullcontroloverhisFlyer.TheFlyerwaspurchasedonAugust2andbecamethefirstsuccessfulmilitaryairplane.ItremainedinserviceforaroundtwoyearsandwasretiredtotheSmithsonianInstitutionwhereitreststoday.@#@[9]BeforeWorldWarI,airplanedesigngreatlyimproved.Pusherbiplanes（two-wingedairplaneswiththeengineandpropellerbehindthewing）weresucceededbytractorbiplanes（two-wingedairplaneswiththeengineandpropellerinfrontofthewing）.Monoplanedesignswererare,andwhenWorldWarIbegan,hugebiplanebomberswithtwotofourenginesweredeveloped.Airmailwasalsostarted,althoughitonlylastedaweek.ThefirstairmailofficiallyapprovedbytheUSPostOfficeDepartmentbeganonSeptember23,1911,andthepilotwouldcarrythemailonhislegsandtossedthebagoverboardwhenhereachedhisdestination.Alsoin1911,thefirsttranscontinentalflightacrosstheUSwascompletedbyCalbraithP.Rodgers.HisflightfromNewYorktoCaliforniatook3days,10hours,and14minutes,andwasbyaWrightaircraft.@#@[10]DuringWo