毕业论文外文文献翻译LinuxWord格式.docx

毕业论文外文文献翻译LinuxWord格式.docx

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   2017.02.14

1.1.History 

1.1.1. UNIX 

In order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30 years ago... 

Imaginecomputersasbigashouses,evenstadiums.Whilethesizesofthosecomputersposed substantial problems, therewas one thing that made this even worse:

 every computer had a different operatingsystem.Softwarewas always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didn'

t run on another system. Being able to workwith one system didn'

t automatically meanthatyoucouldworkwithanother. Itwasdifficult,bothfortheusersandthe system administrators.

Computerswereextremelyexpensivethen,andsacrificeshadtobemadeevenaftertheoriginal purchase just to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost of IT was enormous. 

 Technologically the worldwas not quite that advanced,so they had to livewith the size for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratoriesstarted working on a solution for the software problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operatingsystem,whichwas

simple and elegant 

written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code 

able to recycle code. 

The Bell Labs developers named their project "

UNIX."

Thecoderecyclingfeatureswereveryimportant.Untilthen,allcommerciallyavailablecomputersystemswerewritten in a code specifically developed for one system.UNIX on the other hand needed onlyasmallpieceofthatspecialcode,whichisnowcommonlynamed the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIXsystem. The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higherprogramminglanguage,C.ThislanguagewasespeciallydevelopedforcreatingtheUNIXsystem.Using this new technique, it was much easier to develop an operatingsystem that could run on many different types of hardware. 

 Thesoftwarevendorswerequicktoadapt,sincetheycouldselltentimesmoresoftwarealmost effortlessly.Weirdnewsituationscameinexistence:

imagineforinstancecomputersfromdifferent

vendors communicating in the same network, or users working on different systemswithout the need for extra education to use another computer.UNIX did a great deal to help users become compatiblewith different systems.

ThroughoutthenextcoupleofdecadesthedevelopmentofUNIXcontinued.Morethingsbecame possible to do and more hardware and software vendors added support for UNIX to their products. 

UNIXwas initially found only in very large environmentswith mainframes and minicomputers （note that a PC is a "

micro"

 computer）.You had to work at a universityt,hefogrovernment or for large financial corporations in order to get your hands on a UNIXsystem.

Butsmallercomputerswerebeingdeveloped,andbytheendofthe80'

s,manypeoplehadhome computers. By that time, therewereseveral versions of UNIX available for the PC architecture, but none of themwere truly free. 

1.1.3. Current application of Linux systems 

TodayLinuxhasjoined thedesktopmarket.Linuxdevelopersconcentratedon networkingand services in the beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier to be taken down. We don'

t like to admit that Microsoft is ruling this market,so plenty of alternatives have been started over the lastcoupleofyearstomakeLinuxanacceptablechoiceasaworkstation,providinganeasyuser interface and MS compatible office applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and the like.

Ontheserverside,Linuxiswell-knownasastableandreliableplatform,providingdatabaseand tradingservicesforcompa