资格考试最新整理备考辅导GMAT阅读练习3文档格式.docx

资格考试最新整理备考辅导GMAT阅读练习3文档格式.docx

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Passage1

Priorto1975，unioneffortstoorganizepublicsectorclericalworkers，mostofwhomarewomen，weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers，asinNewYorkCity，tomakeitworththeeffort，ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations，suchasahospital，tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers'

partwasalsoaconsideration，butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction，themultioccupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers'

initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased，first，ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers，and，second，ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower，bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber，werescatteredinseveralworkplaces，andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized，unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970'

s，adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977，34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization，comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals，44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers，and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen，however，thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980，thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent，whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular，theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers？

First，morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears，andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently，theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also，thewomen'

smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenontheirownbehalf，therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworkers，however，identifiestheprimarycatalyst-thestructuralchangeinthemultioccupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.Overthepasttwentyyears，theoccupationaldistributionintheseunionshasbeensteadilyshiftingfrompredominantlyblue-collartopredominantlywhite-collar.Becausetherearefarmorewomeninwhite-collarjobs，anincreaseintheproportionoffemalemembershasaccompaniedtheoccupationalshiftandhasalteredunionpolicy-makinginfavoroforganizingwomenandaddressingwomen'

sissues.

1.Accordingtothepassage，thepublic-sectorworkerswhoweremostlikelytobelongtounionsin1977were

（A）professionals

（B）managers

（C）clericalworkers

（D）serviceworkers

（E）blue-collarworkers

2.Theauthorcitesunioneffortstoachieveafullyunionizedworkforce（line13-19）inordertoaccountforwhy

（A）politiciansmighttrytoopposepublic-sectorunionorganizing

（B）public-sectorunionshaverecentlyfocusedonorganizingwomen

（C）earlyorganizingeffortsoftenfocusedonareaswheretherewerelargenumbersofworkers

（D）unioneffortswithregardtopublic-sectorclericalworkersincreaseddramaticallyafter1975

（E）unionssometimestriedtoorganizeworkersregardlessoftheworkers'

initialinterestinunionization

3.Theauthor'

sclaimthat，sincethemid-1970'

s，anewstrategyhasemergedintheunionizationofpublicsectorclericalworkerswouldbestrengthenediftheauthor

（A）describedmorefullytheattitudesofclericalworkerstowardlaborunions

（B）comparedtheorganizingstrategiesemployedbyprivate-sectorunionswiththoseofpublic-sectorunions

（C）explainedwhypoliticiansandadministratorsometimesopposeunionizationofclericalworkers

（D）indicatedthatthenumberofunionizedpublic-sectorclericalworkerswasincreasingevenbeforethemid-1970'

s

（E）showedthatthefactorsthatfavoredunionizationdrivesamongtheseworkerspriorto1975havedecreasedinimportance

4.Accordingtothepassage，intheperiodpriorto1975，eachofthefollowingconsiderationshelpeddeterminewhetheraunionwouldattempttoorganizeacertaingroupofclericalworkersEXCEPT

（A）thenumberofclericalworkersinthatgroup

（B）thenumberofwomenamongtheclericalworkersinthatgroup

（C）whethertheclericalworkersinthatareawereconcentratedinoneworkplaceorscatteredoverseveralwork