外文翻译对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术Word文件下载.docx
《外文翻译对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《外文翻译对于石油泄漏的先进空间探测技术Word文件下载.docx(29页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
MaralH.Zeynalova,RustamB.RustamovandSaidaE.Salahova
AbstractEnvironmentalpollution,includingoilspillisoneofthemajorecologicalproblems.Negativehumanimpactsdemandstodevelopappropriatelegislationswithinthenationalandinternationalframeworkformarineandcoastalenvironmentaswellastheonshoreprotection.Severalseas,forinstancetheMediterranean,theBalticandtheNorthSeasweredeclaredasspecialareaswhereshipdischargesarecompletelyprohibited(SatelliteMonitoring,LUKOIL).
InthisregardenvironmentalprotectionoftheCaspianSeahasaprioritystatusforAzerbaijanasaclosedwaterbasinecosystem.Thisarea,asahighlysensitiveareaintheWorldrequirespermanentecologicalmonitoringserviceswhereoilandgasfromthesubsurfaceoftheCaspianSeaisdevelopingalmostmorethanacentury.ThisstatusoftheCaspianSeaisexpectedtoberetentionatleastforthecomingfiftyyears.
Remotesensingisakeyinstrumentforsuccessfulresponsetotheonshoreandoffshoreoilspillsimpacts.Thereisanextremeneedfortimelyrecognitionoftheoilspilledareaswiththeexactplaceoflocation,extentofitsoilcontaminationandverificationofpredictionsofthemovementandfateofoilslicks.
BlackSearegionisexpectedtohaveadramaticincreaseinthetrafficofcrudeoil(mainlyfromtheCaspianregion).ThemainreasonforthesechangesisthegrowthofoilindustryinbothKazakhstanandAzerbaijan.Therealsubstantialchangesintankermovementsandroutsarenotcleartillnow.
Anecessityforacontinuousobservationofthemarineenvironmentcomesaforewhenclarifyingthetendenciesofchangesintheconcentrationoftheparticularlydangerouspollutingsubstancesaswellasthebehaviorofdifferentkindsofpollutingsubstancesinthedetectedareai.e.,creationofasystemformonitoringthepollution(L.A.StoyanovandG.D.Balashov,UNISPACEIII,Varna,Bulgaria).
TheexplorationofgeologicalandoilproductionstartedintheshelfoftheCaspianSeaalongtimeago.TheCaspianSeaisahighlysensitiveregiononecologicalandbiodiversitypointofview.Oildumpsandemergencyoilspillhaveanextremelybadinfluenceonthemarineandearthecosystemandcanleadtotheecologicalbalance.
Certainlythegeneralissueofoilandgaspipelinesafetyincludesaspectsofnaturaldisastersandproblemsrelatedtotheenvironment.AftersuccessfulconstructionoftheBaku-Tbilisi-CeyhanoilpipelineandBaku-Tbilisi-ErzrumgaspipelinetheseaspectsespeciallybecameveryimportantforAzerbaijananddefinitely,fortheregion.TheBaku-Tbilisi-CeyhanCrudeOilExportPipelinecomprisesaregionalcrudeoilexporttransportationsystem,approximately1750inoveralllength.
Generally,oilspillmonitoringintheoffshoreandonshoreiscarriedoutbymeansofspeciallyequippedairborne,shipsandsatellites.Obviously,daylightsandweatherconditionslimitmarineandaerialsurveillanceofoilspills.
KeywordsSpacetechnology.Spaceimage.OilspilDetection
Introduction
Generally,oilspillageiscategorizedintofourgroups:
minor,medium,majoranddisaster.Minorspillneithertakesplacewhenoildischargeislessthan25barrelsininlandwatersnorlessthan250barrelsonland,theoffshoreorcoastalwatersthatdoesnorposeathreattothepublichealthorwelfare.Incaseofthemediumspillthespillmustbe250barrelsorlessintheinlandwaterorfrom250to2500barrelsonland,offshoreandcoastalwaterwhileforthemajorspill,thedischargetotheinlandwatersisinexcessof250barrelsonland,offshoreorcoastalwaters.Thedisasterreferstoanyuncontrolledwellblowout,pipelineruptureorstoragetankfailurewhichposesanimmediatethreattopublichealthorwelfare.
Satellite-basedremotesensingequipmentinstalledinthesatelliteisusedformonitoring,detectingandidentifyingsourcesofaccidentaloilspills.Remotesensingdevicesincludetheuseofinfrared,videoandphotographyfromairborneplatforms.Inthemeantimepresentlyanumberofsystemslikeairborneradar,laserfluorescence,microwaveradiometer,SAR,ERS1,ERS2,ENVISATandLANDSATsatellitesystemsareappliedforthesamepurposes.Currentlymorethanadozensatellitesareintheorbitproducingpetabytesofdatadaily.Detaileddescriptionofthesesatellites,majorcharacteristicsofsensorscanbesummarizedasfollows:
●Spatialresolutionofsensorsrangesfrom1meter(e.g.IKONOS)toseveralkilo-meters(e.g.GEOS)
●Satellitesensorscommonlyusevisibletonear-infrared,infraredandmicrowaveportionsofelectromagneticspectrum;
●Spectralresolutionofsatellitedatarangesfromsingleband(Radarsat)tomultibands(e.g.MODISwith36bands)
●Temporalresolution(repeattime)variesfromseveraltimesaday(e.g.Meteosat)
●Themajorityofsatellite