最新语言学习题答案.docx

最新语言学习题答案.docx

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最新语言学习题答案

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1.Q:

Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?

Thescopeoflinguisticscanbeillustratedas:

1）Generallinguistics:

thestudyoflanguageaswhole.Itdealswith

thebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethods

applicableinanylinguisticstudy.

2）Phonetics:

thestudyofsoundsusedincommunication.

3）Phonology:

thestudyabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandused

toconveymeaningincommunication.

4）Morphology:

thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbols/morphemes

arearrangedtoformwords.

5）Syntax:

thestudyoftherulesaboutthecombinationofwordsto

formpermisiblesentences.

6）Semantics:

thestudyofmeaning.

7）Pragmatics:

thestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.

AndtheInterdisciplinarybranches.

1）Sociolinguistics

2）Psycholinguistics……………

2.Q:

Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditional

grammar?

Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasic

ways:

firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itdescribesthe

languageasitis;whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive,it

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prescribesthewaylanguageshouldbeused.Secondly,modern

linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhat

itdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.

3.Q:

Whatisaphone?

Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?

Howare

allophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?

Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.

Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctive

value.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound.

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferent

phoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

4.Q:

Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule

andthedeletionrule?

1）Sequentialrulesformthelettersas“k,h,l,j”intoallpossible

wordsinEnglish.Wemightorderthemas:

blik,klib,bilk,kilb.

withoutotherorders.Soitindicatesthattherearerulesthatgovern

thecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Onespecial

sequentialrulethat……

2）Assimilationrule:

itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopying

afeatherofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones

similar.Forexample:

“illegal”,inlegal

3）Deletionrule:

Itcanbestatedas:

deletea[g]whenitoccursbefore

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afinalnasalconsonant.forexample:

“designation”,the[g]

representedbytheletter“g”ispronounced,whileintheword“sign”.

/g/soundisdeleted,becauseitisfollowedbyandendedwiththe

nasalconsonant/n/.

5.Q:

WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?

TherearefivetypesofsynonymsinEnglish.Theyaredialectal

synonyms--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects;stylistics

synonyms–synonymsdifferinginstyle;synonymsthatdifferintheir

emotiveorevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semantically

differentsynonyms.

6.Q:

Explainwithexamples“Homonymy”,“Polysemy”,and

“Hyponymy”?

Homonymy（定义）….Itincludeshomophones（定义）（piece\peace）,

homographs（定义）（bowv.\bown.）andcompletehomonyms（定义）

（scalen.\scalev.）.

Polysemymeansthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethatone

meaning.Forexample:

“table”,hasatleastsevenmeanings.

Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,

moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:

“furniture”issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,

dresser,wardrobe,settee……

7.Q:

Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?

Towhich

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categorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?

Therearethreetypesoppositionsinmeaning.Theyaregradable

antonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposites.

“north\south”,“wide\narrow”and“poor\rich”belongtogradable

antonyms;“vacant\occupied”and“literate\illiterate”belongto

complementaryantonyms;“above\below”,“doctor\patient”and

“father\daughter”belongtorelationalopposites.

8.Q:

Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,and

howdotheydiffer?

Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,andde-contextualized,thatof

anutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Themeaningofan

utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationofthe

abstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,

orsimplyinacontext.

Difference:

Sentencemeaningincludeslocutionaryact,butitdoesn't

includeillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

9.Q:

AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossibly

performingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample?

Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.For

example:

someoneutters“you”“have”“door”“open”!

The

locutionaryactexpresseswhatthewordsliterallymean.The

illocutionaryactexpressesthespeaker'sintention:

askingsomeoneto

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closethedoor.Thehearergetsthespeaker'smessageandseesthat

thespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethedoor,andthenthehearer

closesthedoor.Therefore,theutterancegetstheeffectoflosingthe

door.Andthisistheperlocutionaryact.

10.Q:

WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?

Trytogiveyourown

examplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesriseto

conversationalimplicature?

Theyarethemaximofquantity（具体说明其内容）…

themaximofquality…

themaximofrelation…

andthemaximofmanner….

Forexample:

A:

WhenisJerry'sbirthdayparty?

B:

Sometimenextmonth.

So,Bdoesn'twishtotellyouwhenJerry'sbirthdaypartyisgoingto

beheld.

A:

Wouldyouliketoattendourtravelingatweekend?

B:

I'mafraidIhavegotaninvitationatweekend.

So,Bdoesn'twanttoattendyourtraveling.

A:

Shallwegetsomethingforourbrother?

B:

Yes.ButIvetoG-U-N.

So,Bdoesn'twanttheirbrothertoknowtheyaretalkingabout

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gettingthemagun.

11.Q:

CitewithexamplesthechangesinEnglishLanguage?

1）soundchange:

“mouse”[mu:

s]—[maus];

2）morphologicalchange:

greenen—green;

3）syntacticchange:

youcanspeak,can'tyou?

Youspeak,speaknotyou?

4）lexicalchange:

wot—toknow,ASPCA,math—mathematics;

5）semanticchange:

“silly”meanshappyinoldEnglish,buttodayit

meansfoolish;“aunt”meansfather'ssisterbefore,buttodayitalso

meansmother'ssister.

12.Q:

Whatarethemainsocialdialects?

Howdotheyjointly

determineidiolect?

TheyareGendervariation,Agevariation,Ethnicdialect,Stylistic

variation,Register.

Idiolectalvariationisdeterminedbymanyfactors.Thedifferent

backgroundsofdifferentpeopleinfluencetheirchoiceoflinguistic

forms,andthelinguisticfeaturesofthelanguagetheyuserevealtheir

indentities.

….

13.Q:

WhatpeticuliarfeaturesdoesaPidginhave?

Anydialectshavenativespeakers,exceptpidgin.

….

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Twopartiesdidn'tknoweachother,soinordertodotrade,theyhave

tousepidgin.Withmoreunderstandingsofeachother'scultures,less

peoplewouldusepidgin.

14.Q:

Amongthelanguageacquisitiontheories,whichonedoyou

thinkismorereasonableandconvincing?

Explainwhy?

Therearethreelanguageacquisitiontheories,theyarethebehaviorist

view,theinnatistviewandtheinteractionistview.

Itendtothebehavioristmuchmore,inmyopinion,todoisbetter

thandoingnothing,practiceandintimationarethebestwaytolearna

language.Fortheinnatist,sedulitycanmakeupeverynaturalfacultiy,

andfortheinteractionist,noteveryonecangoaboardtohavea

languageenvironment,athome,therearestillmanyscholarships

studydifferentlanguageswell.

15.Q:

WhatisLanguageAcquisition?

Itreferstothechild'sacquisitionofhismothertongue,itmeanshow

thechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhis

community.

16.Q:

WhatisLanguageAcquisitionDevices?

ItalsoknownasLAD,itclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologically

programmedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthe

childjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.itwas

describedasanimaginary“blackbox”existingsomewhereinthe

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humanbrain,the“blackbox”issaidtocontainprinciplesthatare

universaltoallhumanlanguages.

17.Q:

WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis?

Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone'slife

extendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty,duringwhichthehuman

brainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguage

learningcanproceedeasily,swiftly,andwithoutexplicitinstruction.

18.Q:

WhatisRegister?

Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries,itdiffersindifferentsituations,

itisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.

19.Q:

WhatisIdiolect?

Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombines

elementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.

20.Q:

WhatisPidgin?

Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguages

anditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestricted

purposessuchastrading.

21.Q:

WhatisCreole?

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ItisoriginallyaPidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanative

languageinsomespeechcommunity.Thatis,whenapidgincometo

beadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguage,andchildren

learnitastheirfirstlanguage,thenthepidginlanguageiscalleda

Creole.

22.Q:

WhatisCP?

ItisstandofthecooperativePrinciple.….

Itrequiresthatthespeakerandthehearershouldmake

conversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichit

occursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchange