英国文学史笔记.docx
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英国文学史笔记
英国文学史笔记
I.TheOldEnglishPeriod(alsocalledTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod;5thcentury—11thcentury;beginningofEnglishcivilization)
1.TwogreatinfluencesontheshapingofOldEnglishliterature
A.Teutonic—GermanicAnglo-Saxoninvasion
B.Judaeo—Jewish—Christian
St.Augustine—missionaries—theconversionoftheEnglishpeopletoChristianity
2.Theliteratureinthisperiod
2divisions:
paganandChristianity
A.PaganpoetrybytheAnglo-Saxons—oralsagas
B.Christianpoetryunderteachingofthemonks
3.TheCharacteristicsofOldEnglishPoetry
A.strongstressesB.alliterationC.Christiancoloring
4.Thegreatestepic—TheSongofBeowulf
A.“England’snationalepic”B.anunknownscribe
C.thebeginningofthe20thcenturyD.3182lines—2partswithaninterpolationbetweenthetwo
E.paganinspiritandmattertheinterpolation—Christian
F.uniqueasahybridoffactwithlegendG.testimonytoauniversaltradition
5.Afewthingsthatmeritattention
A.paganstory—ChristianoverlayB.theuseof“kennings”形象化复合词
C.alliterationinversificationD.anoraltradition
E.thenarrator—aminstrelF.itsdigressivemannerofnarration
G.anelevatedtone
II.MedievalLiterature:
ABriefIntroduction
Theyearof1066:
thebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishorAnglo-NormanPeriod
TheNormans’conquest
The3chiefeffectsoftheconquest
a.thebringingofRomancivilizationtoEngland
b.thegrowthofnationality—thestrongcentralizedgovernment
c.thenewlanguageandliterature
1、Someoccurrencesofhistoricmagnitude
A.theestablishmentofthefeudalsystem
B.the1381PeasantUprising
C.thecompletionoftheDomesdayBook
D.theLaunchingoftheCrusades
E.thesigningoftheMagnaCarter
F.thewarwithFranceortheHundredYears’War
2.Theliteratureinthisperiod
A.romance:
a.themeb.stylec.representativework
B.ballad:
a.themeb.stylec.representativework
4.Twopersonsinliteraryscene
A.JohnWycliffe(1320-1384):
ascholarhiscontribution:
thetranslationoftheBiblefromthesonorousLatinVulgateVersionintoMiddleEnglish
B.WilliamLangland(1332-theendof14thcentury):
areformer
hiscontribution:
apoemtoattackevilinbothChurchandstate
I.GeoffreyChaucer--TheCanterburyTales
“ThefatherofEnglishpoetry”;oneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland
II.ThePre-ElizabethanPeriod:
ABriefIntroduction
From1400to1557;Someeventsofgreatmagnitude
A.theReformation
B.theRenaissance:
thebeautyofthehumanform;theimportanceofhumanlifeandhumanvalues;toliveforhisownsake;
ThomasMore(1478-1535):
thewisestandnoblestperson;firstandforemostahumanistatheart;hisfamouswork—Utopia
TheElizabethanAge(1558-1625)
III.Threesub-periodsintheElizabethanage
Thefirstsub-periodstretchesover2decades:
BeginningwiththeprintingofTottel’sMiscellany(1557),concludingwiththe
publicationofEdmundSpenser’sTheShepheardsCalendar(1579)
Thesecondsub-periodcoverssometwodecades:
from1580through1599;aperiodofintenseliteraryactivityinwhichthegreatestElizabethanwritersmadetheirpresencefelt
Thethirdsub-periodspansoversomethreedecades:
from1599to1625
theliteraryoutcomesofthissub-periodweretremendous
IV.TheLiteratureintheElizabethanAge
1.Englishpoetry:
Sonnet:
atypeofpoemcontaining14lines,eachof10syllablesandiniambicpentameter,in3principalrhymingpatterns.
thefirstpattern:
Itisdividedstructurallyintoanoctave(first8lines),rhymed“abba,abba”,
andasestet(last6lines),typicallyrhymed“cdecde”orsomevariantthereof.
thesecondpattern:
Itisstructurallyinto3quatrainsandacouplet,rhymed“ababcdcdefefgg”.
thethirdpattern:
Itishardertowriteandricherinrhyme“ababbcbccdcdee”.
Blankverse:
versewritteninrhymelessiambicpentameteroralineof10syllablesin5iambs,arhythmicunitof2syllableswithunstressedfollowedbythestressedsyllables.
e.g.:
Isawthreeshipscomesailingby.
A.ThomasWyatt(1503-1542)
a.oneofthemaincontributorstoTottel’sMiscellany
b.introducedthesonnetintoEngland
B.EarlofSurrey(1517-1547)
a.anothercontributortoTottel’sMiscellany
b.broughttheblankverseintoEnglishpoetry
C.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)
firstwork:
TheshepheardsCalendarmasterpiece:
TheFaerieQueene
theSpenserianstanza斯宾塞诗体isapopularstanzaicformfordreamyandmeditativeworks.Itisa9-linestanzaof8linesiniambicpentameterplusaniambichexameter(6-footline).Therhymeschemeis“ababbcbcc”.
2.Englishdrama:
ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)thegreatestplaywrightbeforetheriseofShakespeare;thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
a.thegreatestofallEnglishauthors
b.oneofthefirstfoundersofrealism
c.amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations
d.hisproductionsof37plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets
Shakespeare’splays
Threemajorperiods
A.thefirstperiod(1590-1600):
theperiodofhistoricalplaysandcomedies(22intotal)
9historicalplays:
KingHenryVI(PartI,IIandIII)(1590-1591)《亨利六世》(上、中、下)
TheLifeandDeathofKingRichardIII(1592)《查理三世》
TheLifeandDeathofRichardII(1595)《查理二世》
TheLifeandDeathofKingJohn(1596)《约翰王》
KingHenryIV(PartIandII)(1597)《亨利四世》
TheLifeofKingHenryV(1598)《亨利五世》
10comedies:
TheComedyofErrors(1592)《错误的戏剧》
TheTamingoftheShrew(1593)《驯悍记》
TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(1594)《维洛那二绅士》
Love’sLabor’Lost(1594)《爱的徒劳》
AMidsummerNight’sDream(1595)《仲夏夜之梦》
TheMerchantofVenice(1596)《威尼斯商人》
MuchAdoAboutNothing(1598)《无事生非》
TheMerryWivesofWindsor(1598)《温莎的风流娘儿们》
AsYouLikeIt(1599)《皆大欢喜》
TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill(1600)《第十二夜》
3tragedies
TitusAndronicus(1593)《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》
RomeoandJuliet(1594)《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
TheLifeandDeathofJuliusCaesar(1599)《裘力斯·凯撒》
b.thethemeofhistoricalplays:
Tostresstheimportancetobuildupanefficientandcentralizedstate
c.thefeatureofromanticcomedies:
Loveisthecentralmotiveofactionwhichleadstoahappyending.
B.thesecondperiod(1601-1608):
theperiodoftragedies(11intotal)
7tragedies
Hamlet,PrinceofDenmark(1601)《哈姆雷特》
Othello,theMooreofVenice(1604)《奥赛罗》
KingLear(1605)《李尔王》
TheTragedyofMacbeth(1605)《麦克白》
AntonyandCleopatra(1606)《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》
TheTragedyofCoriolanus(1607)《科利奥兰纳斯》
TimonofAthens(1607)《雅典的泰门》
4comedies
TroilusandCressida(1602)《特罗伊罗斯与克瑞西达》
All’sWellThatEndsWell(1602)《终成眷属》
MeasureforMeasure(1604)《一报还一报》
Pericles,PrinceofTyre(1608)《泰尔亲王佩力克里斯》
C.thethirdperiod(1069-1612):
theperiodoftragicomedies(4intotal)
3tragicomedies
Cymbeline,KingofBritain(1609)《辛柏林》
TheWinter’sTale(1610)《冬天的故事》
TheTempest(1612)《暴风雨》
1historicalplayTheLifeofKingHenryVIII(1612)《亨利八世》
3.EnglishEssay
Essayisaformofliterature,andbelongstoprosewriting.
FrancisBacon(1561-1626)
a.“thewisest,brightest,meanestofmankind”
b.3classesofBacon’sworks:
Thephilosophicalworks:
AdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620
The17thCentury:
thePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration
JohnDonne(1573-1631)theleadingfigureof“MetaphysicalSchool”or“MetaphysicalPoetry”
Metaphysicalpoetry
A.Thepoeticimagesinvolveanelementofcontrast.
B.Theideas,togetherwiththemetricalpatternandgrammar,issomewhatdistorted.
C.Thereisafusionofstrongfeelingsanddeepthought.
D.Thequalityofintellectisadistinctivefeature.
III.JohnMilton(1608-1674)thethirdgreatestEnglishpoetafterChaucerandShakespeare
Hislifecanberoughlydividedinto3phases:
1.theearlyphaseofreadingandlyricwriting(1620-1638)
A.Allegro《快乐者》,describinghappiness
B.Denseroso《幽思者》,describingmeditation
C.Lycidas《利西达斯》,praisingadearfriendwhohadbeendrowned
D.Comus《科玛斯》或《假面剧》,presentingamasqueorplay
2.themiddlephaseofserviceinthePuritanRevolutionandpamphleteeringforit
A.ProPopuloAnglicanoDefensio(orInDefenseoftheBritishPeople)
《为英国人民声辩》
B.DefensioSecunda(orMoreinDefenseoftheBritishPeople)
《再为英国人民声辩》
Thefirstpersonwhodefendedtheactionofmurderingtheking,andtheforerunneroftheFrenchscholarsoftheEnlightenmentinthe18thcentury.
3.Thelast—thegreatest—phaseofepicwriting(1660-1674)
A.ParadiseLost《失乐园》,themostwonderfulepicsinceBeowulf
B.ParadiseRegained《复乐园》
C.SamonAgonistes《力士参孙》
ParadiseLost—thegreatepic
IV.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)
HeandMilton,representingtheextremeofEnglishlifeinthe17thcentury,wrotethetwoworksthatstandforthemightyPuritanspirit
ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》—hismasterpiece
ThePilgrimProgressisareligiousbooktellingushowapersonmovesfromthisworldtoanother.
The18thCentury:
theAgeofEnlightenment
Enlightenment:
anexpressionofstruggleoftheprogressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism
III.Poetry
1.Neoclassicism
A.Thebasicfeaturesofneoclassicism
B.Thedominantneoclassicformwastheheroiccouplet
C.Neoclassicpoetrytendstoproducetheeffectofanartificiallytrimmedbeauty,beautifulbutoftenlifeless.
D.AlexanderPope(1688-1744)
a.aleadingfigureofneoclassicism
b.themostimportantEnglishpoetofthe18thcentury
c.hiswell-knownworks:
EssayonCriticism(1711),《论批评》
TheRapeoftheLock(1712),《秀发劫》
thetranslationofIliad(1715-1720),
TheDunciad(1743),《群愚史诗》
EssayonMan(1733),《论人》
AnEpistletoDr.Arbuthnot(1735),《致阿巴思诺特医生书》
2.Pre