GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十至十二.docx
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GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十至十二
2015年GRE考试阅读理解:
每日一练
(十至十二)
十
Somemodernanthropologistsholdthatbiologicalevolutionhasshapednotonlyhumanmorphologybutalsohumanbehavior.TherolethoseanthropologistsLineascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints—waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat―comenaturally‖inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.Our―frailties‖–emotionsandmotivessuchasrage,fear,greed,gluttony,joy,lust,love—maybeaverymixedassortment,buttheyshareatleastoneimmediatequality:
weare,aswesay,―inthegrip‖ofthem.Andthustheygiveusoursenseofconstraints.Unhappily,someofthosefrailties—ourneedforever-increasingsecurityamongthem—arepresentlymaladaptive.Yetbeneaththeoverlayofculturaldetail,they,too,aresaidtobebiologicalindirection,andthereforeasnaturaltousasareourappendixes.Wewouldneedtocomprehendthoroughlytheiradaptiveoriginsinordertounderstandhowbadlytheyguideusnow.Andwemightthenbegintoresisttheirpressure.
1.Whichofthefollowingmostprobablyprovidesanappropriateanalogyfromhumanmorphologyforthe―details‖versus―constraints‖ distinctionmadeinthepassageinrelationtohumanbehavior?
(A)Theabilityofmostpeopletoseeallthecolorsofthevisiblespectrumasagainst mostpeople‘sinabilitytonameanybuttheprimarycolors
(B)Theabilityofeventheleastfortunatepeopletoshowcompassionasagainstpeople‘sinabilitytomasktheirfeelingscompletely
(C)Theabilityofsomepeopletodivetogreatdepthsasagainstmostpeople‘sinabilitytoswimlongdistances
(D)Thepsychologicalprofileofthosepeoplewhoareabletodelaygratificationasagainstpeople‘sinabilitytocontroltheirlivescompletely
(E)Thegreaterlungcapacityofmountainpeoplesthathelpsthemliveinoxygen-poorairasagainstpeople‘sinabilitytofly withoutspecialapparatus
2.Itcanbeinferredthatinhisdiscussionofmaladaptivefrailtiestheauthorassumesthat
(A)evolutiondoesnotfavortheemergenceofadaptivecharacteristicsovertheemergenceofmaladaptiveones
(B)anystructureorbehaviornotpositivelyadaptiveisregardedastransitoryinevolutionarytheory
(C)maladaptivecharacteristics,oncefixed,maketheemergenceofothermaladaptivecharacteristicsmorelikely
(D)thedesignationofacharacteristicasbeingmaladaptivemustalwaysremainhighly tentative
(E)changesinthetotalhumanenvironmentcanoutpaceevolutionarychange
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth‘satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.AlthoughthesemoleculesLineallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth‘ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmustbalanceincomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocar-bondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwouldescapefromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Thesurfacetemperaturewould besomuchlowerthattheoceansmightbeasolidmassofice.(120words)
3.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestpartofthesolarenergythatreachestheEarthis
(A)concentratedintheinfraredspectrum
(B)concentratedatvisiblewavelengths
(C)absorbedbycarbondioxidemolecules
(D)absorbedbyatmosphericwatervapor
(E)reflectedbacktospacebysnowandice
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply
4.Accordingtothepassage,atmosphericcarbondioxideperformswhichofthefollowingfunctions
Aabsorbingradiationatvisiblewavelengths
BabsorbingoutgoingradiationfromtheEarth
ChelpingtoretainheatneartheEarth‘ssurface
InitiallytheVinavertheorythatMalory‘seightromances,oncethoughttobefundamentallyunified.wereinfacteightindependentworksproducedbotha Linesenseofreliefandanunpleasantshock.Vinaver‘stheorycomfortablyexplainedawaytheapparentcontradictionsofchronologyandmadeeachromance independentlysatisfying.Itwas,however,disagreeabletofindthatwhathadbeenthoughtofasonebookwas noweightbooks.Partofthisresponsewasthenaturalreactiontothedisturbanceofsetideas.Nevertheless, evennow,afterlengthyconsiderationofthetheory‘srefinedbutlegitimateobservations,onecannotavoidtheconclusionthattheeightromancesareonlyonework.Itisnotquiteamatterofdisagreeingwiththetheoryofindependence,butofrejectingitsimplications:
thattheromancesmaybetakeninanyornoparticular order,thattheyhavenocumulativeeffect,andthatthey areasseparateastheworksofamodernnovelist.
(154words)
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply
5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieveswhichofthefollowingaboutMalory‘sworks?
ATherearemeaningfullinksbetweenandamongtheromances.
BThesubtletiesoftheromancesareobscuredwhentheyaretakenasonework.
CAnycontradictionsinchronologyamongtheromancesarelessimportantthantheiroverallunity.
6.TheauthorofthepassageconcedeswhichofthefollowingabouttheVinavertheory?
(A)ItgivesaclearerunderstandingoftheunityofMalory‘sromances.
(B)ItdemonstratestheirrationalityofconsideringMalory‘sromancestobeunified.
(C)ItestablishesacceptablelinksbetweenMalory‘sromancesandmodernnovels.
(D)ItunifiesearlierandlatertheoriesconcerningthechronologyofMalory‘sromances.
(E)Itmakesvalidandsubtlecommentsabout Malory‘sromances.
7.Selectthesentenceinthepassagethatsuggeststhat,inevaluatingtheVinavertheory,somecriticswereinitiallybiasedbypreviousinterpretationsofMalory‘s work.
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890‘sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeen Lineprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatis,thedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.Actually,however,newlandsweretakenupforfarminginthe UnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenth century.TheemphasisofthepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierobscuredthegreatimportanceof changesintheconditionsandconsequencesof internationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfof thenineteenthcentury.Hugetractsoflandwerebeing settledandfarmedinArgentina,Australia,Canada,andintheAmericanWest,andtheseareaswerejoinedwithone anotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoan interdependentmarketsystem.Consequently,agrarian depressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscope,and theystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweenthe early1870‘sandthe1890‘s,themountingagrarian discontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupted declineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductson foreignmarkets.
(198words)
8.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
(A)showingthatacertaininterpretationisbettersupportedbytheevidencethanisanalternativeexplanation
(B)developinganalternativeinterpretationbyusingsourcesofevidencethatformerlyhadbeenunavailable
(C)questioningtheaccuracyoftheevidencethatmostscholarshaveusedtocountertheauthor‘sowninterpretation
(D)reviewingtheevidencethatformerlyhadbeenthoughttoobscureavalidinterpretation
(E)presentingevidenceinsupportofa controversialversionofanearlier interpretation.
9.Accordingtotheauthor,changesintheconditionsofinternationaltraderesultedinan
(A)underestimationoftheamountofnewlandthatwasbeingfamedintheUnitedStates
(B)underutilizationofrelativelysmallbutrichplotsofland
(C)overexpansionoftheworldtransportationnetworkforshippingagricultural products
(D)extensionofagrariandepressionsbeyondnationalboundaries
(E)emphasisontheimportanceofmarket forcesindeterminingthepricesof agriculturalproducts
10.Theauthorimpliesthat,aftercertainterritoriesandcountrieshadbeenjoinedintoaninterdependentmarketsysteminthenineteenthcentury,agrariandepressionswithinthatsystem
(A)spreadtoseveralnations,excludingthosein whichtheinternalfrontierremainedopen
(B)manifestedthemselvesinseveralnations,includingthoseinwhichnewland remainedavailableforfarming
(C)sloweddownthepaceofnewtechnologicaldevelopmentsininternationalcommunicationsandtransportation
(D)affectedthelocalandnationalpricesofthenonagriculturalproductsofseveralnations
(E)encouragedseveralnationstosellmoreof theiragriculturalproductsonforeign markets
11.Theauthor‘sargumentimpliesthat,comparedtotheyearlypricechangesthatactuallyoccurredonforeignagriculturalmarketsduring the1880‘s,Americanfarmerswouldhavemostpreferredyearlypricechangesthatwere
(A)muchsmallerandinthesamedirection
(B)muchsmallerbutintheoppositedirection
(C)slightlysmallerandinthesamedirection
(D)similarinsizebutintheoppositedirection
(E)slightlygreaterandinthesamedirection
Whenthesameparametersandquantitativetheory areusedtoanalyzebothtermitecoloniesandtroops ofrhesusmacaques,wewillhaveaunifiedscienceof sociobiology.Ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththe functionalsimilaritiesbetween