雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析最新版.docx
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雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析最新版
雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析
A
Economistsacceptthatifpeopledescribethemselvesashappy,thentheyarehappy.However,psychologistsdifferentiatebetweenlevelsofhappiness.Themostimmediatetypeinvolvesafeeling;pleasureorjoy.Butsometimeshappinessisajudgmentthatlifeissatisfying,anddoesnotimplyanemotionalstate.EsteemedpsychologistMartinSeligmanhasspearheadedanefforttostudythescienceofhappiness.Thebadnewsisthatwe'renotwiredtobehappy.Thegoodnewsisthatwecandosomethingaboutit.SinceitsoriginsinaLeipziglaboratory130yearsago,psychologyhashadlittletosayaboutgoodnessandcontentment.Mostlypsychologistshaveconcernedthemselveswithweaknessandmisery.Therearelibrariesfulloftheoriesaboutwhywegetsad,worried,andangry.Ithasn'tbeenrespectablesciencetostudywhathappenswhenlivesgowell.Positiveexperiences,suchasjoy,kindness,altruismandheroism,havemainlybeenignored.Forevery100psychologypapersdealingwithanxietyordepression,onlyoneconcernsapositivetrait.
B
Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologybuckedthetrend.ProfessorAliceIsenofCornellUniversityandcolleagueshavedemonstratedhowpositiveemotionsmakepeoplethinkfasterandmorecreatively.Showinghoweasyitistogivepeopleanintellectualboost,Isendivideddoctorsmakingatrickydiagnosisintothreegroups:
onereceivedcandy,onereadhumanisticstatementsaboutmedicine,onewasacontrolgroup.Thedoctorswhohadcandydisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.InspiredbyIsenandothers,Seligmangotstuckin.Heraisedmillionsofdollarsofresearchmoneyandfunded50researchgroupsinvolving150scientistsacrosstheworld.Fourpositivepsychologycentresopened,decoratedincheerfulcoloursandfurnishedwithsofasandbaby-sitters.Therewereget-togethersonMexicanbeacheswherepsychologistswouldsnorkelandeatfajitas,thenform"pods"todiscusssubjectssuchaswonderandawe.Athousandtherapistswerecoachedinthenewscience.
C
Butcriticsaredemandinganswerstobigquestions.Whatisthepointofdefininglevelsofhappinessandclassifyingthevirtues?
Aren'ttheseconceptsvagueandimpossibletopindown?
Canyoujustifyspendingfundstoresearchpositivestateswhenthereareproblemssuchasfamine,floodandepidemicdepressiontobesolved?
Seligmanknowshisworkcanbebelittledalongsidetritenotionssuchas"thepowerofpositivethinking".Hisplantostopthenewsciencefloating"onthewavesofself-improvementfashions"istomakesureitisanchoredtopositivephilosophyabove,andtopositivebiologybelow.
D
Andthistakesusbacktoourevolutionarypast.HomosapiensevolvedduringthePleistoceneera(1.8mto10,000yearsago),atimeofhardshipandturmoil.ItwastheIceAge,andourancestorsenduredlongfreezesasglaciersformed,thenferociousfloodsastheicemassesmelted.Wesharedtheplanetwithterrifyingcreaturessuchasmammoths,elephant-sizedgroundslothsandsabre-toothedcats.ButbytheendofthePleistocene,alltheseanimalswereextinct.Humans,ontheotherhand,hadevolvedlargebrainsandusedtheirintelligencetomakefireandsophisticatedtools,todeveloptalkandsocialrituals.Survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintoapersistentmould.ProfessorSeligmansays:
"Becauseourbrainevolvedduringatimeofice,floodandfamine,wehaveacatastrophicbrain.Thewaythebrainworksislookingforwhat'swrong.Theproblemis,thatworkedinthePleistoceneera.Itfavouredyou,butitdoesn'tworkinthemodemworld."
E
Althoughmostpeopleratethemselvesashappy,thereisawealthofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplyingrainedinthehumanpsyche.Experimentsshowthatwerememberfailuresmorevividlythansuccesses.Wedwellonwhatwentbadly,notwhatwentwell.Ofthesixuniversalemotions,fouranger,fear,disgustandsadnessarenegativeandonlyone,joy,ispositive.Thesixth,surprise,ispsychologistDanielNettle,authorofHappiness,andoneoftheRoyalInstitutionlecturers,thenegativeemotionseachtellus"somethingbadhashappened"andsuggestadifferentcourseofaction.
F
Whatisitaboutthestructureofthebrainthatunderliesourbiastowardsnegativethinking?
Andisthereabiologyofjoy?
AtIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedwhathappenswhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whensubjectsseelandscapesordolphinsplaying,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimagesabirdcoveredinoil,oradeadsoldierwithpartofhisfacemissingtheresponsecomesfrommoreprimitivepartsofthebrain.Theabilitytofeelnegativeemotionsderivesfromanancientdanger-recognitionsystemformedearlyinthebrain'sevolution.Thepre-frontalcortex,whichregistershappiness,isthepartusedforhigherthinking,anareathatevolvedlaterinhumanhistory.
G
Ourdifficulty,accordingtoDanielNettle,isthatthebrainsystemsforlikingandwantingareseparate.Wantinginvolvestwoancientregionstheamygdalaandthenucleusaccumbensthatcommunicateusingthechemicaldopaminetoformthebrain'srewardsystem.Theyareinvolvedinanticipatingthepleasureofeatingandinaddictiontodrugs.Aratwillpressabarrepeatedly,ignoringsexuallyavailablepartners,toreceiveelectricalstimulationofthe"wanting"partsofthebrain.Buthavingreceivedbrainstimulation,therateatsmorebutshowsnosignofenjoyingthefooditcraved.Inhumans,adruglikenicotineproducesmuchcravingbutlittlepleasure.
H
Inessence,whatthebiologylessontellsusisthatnegativeemotionsarefundamentaltothehumancondition,andifsnowondertheyaredifficulttoeradicate.Atthesametime,byatrickofnature,ourbrainsaredesignedtocravebutneverreallyachievelastinghappiness.
Question14-20
ThereadingpassagehassevenparagraphsA-H.
Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?
WritethecorrectletterA-H,inboxes14-20onyouranswersheet.
14Anexperimentinvolvingdividingseveralgroupsoneofwhichreceivedpositiveicon
15Reviewofapoorlyresearchedpsychologyarea
16Contrastbeingmadeaboutthebrain’sactionasresponsetopositiveornegativestimulus
17Theskepticalattitudetowardtheresearchseemedtobeawasteoffund
18asubstancethatproducesmuchwantinginsteadofmuchliking
19aconclusionthatlastinghappinessarehardlyobtainedbecauseofthenatureofbrains
20Onedescriptionthatlistedthehumanemotionalcategories
Question21-25
CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingnomorethanfourwordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes21-25onyouranswersheet.
Afewpioneersinexperimentalpsychologystudywhathappenswhenlivesgowell.ProfessorAlicedivideddoctors,makingatrickyexperiment,intothreegroups:
besidetheonecontrolgroup,theothertwoeitherareaskedtoreadhumanisticstatementsaboutdrugs,orreceived…21...Thelatterdisplayedthemostcreativethinkingandworkedmoreefficiently.Sincecriticsarequestioningthesignificanceofthe…22…forbothlevelsofhappinessandclassificationforthevirtues.ProfessorSeligmancounteredinanevolutionaltheory:
survivalinatimeofadversityforgedourbrainsintothewayofthinkingforwhat'swrongbecausewehavea…23…
Thereisbountifulofevidencetoshowthatnegativethinkingisdeeplybuiltinthehumanpsyche.Later,atIowaUniversity,neuroscientistsstudiedtheactivepartsinbrainstocontrastwhenpeopleareshownpleasantandunpleasantpictures.Whenpositiveimageslike…24…areshown,partofthefrontallobeofthebrainbecomesactive.Butwhentheyareshownunpleasantimage,theresponsecomesfrom…25…ofthebrain.
Question26
Writeyouranswersinboxes26onyouranswersheet.
Choosethecorrectletter.A,B,CorD.
AccordingtoDanielNettleinthelasttwoparagraphs,whatistrueasthescientistscantellusabouthappiness
ABrainsystemsalwaysmixlikingandwantingtogether.
BNegativeemotionscanbeeasilyridofifwethinkpositively.
CHappinessislikenicotinewearecravingforbutgetlittlepleasure.
DTheinnermechanismofhumanbrainsdoesnotassistustoachievedurablehappiness.