从禁忌语与委婉语看中西文化的差异lunwen+开题+综述.docx

从禁忌语与委婉语看中西文化的差异lunwen+开题+综述.docx

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从禁忌语与委婉语看中西文化的差异lunwen+开题+综述

BIYELUNWEN

（20__届）

英语

从禁忌语与委婉语看中西文化的差异

ThestudyofTabooandEuphemisminEnglishandChinese

摘要

语言和文化是一种辩证的关系，每种语言都是其文化的一部分，语言既服务于文化又反映着文化的需要。

委婉语与禁忌语是人们使用语言的重要形式，在人际交往中起着重要的作用。

委婉语与禁忌语随着文明的发展，沉淀了丰富的文化内涵。

语言是社会发展的产物，同时也就反映了社会生活，随着历史的进步的发展，语言也发生了很多的变化。

由于宗教、迷信、礼仪以及科技不发达的原因，某些语言就被禁止使用，同是也就出现了用另外的语言来替代这种语言的现象，于是就出现了委婉语与禁忌语。

在不同的民族和文化中都存在着委婉语与禁忌语，如果我们掌握了他们，就能够在日常生活特别是在跨文化交际中，提高我们的交际能力。

本文通过介绍委婉语与禁忌语的定义、形成方式、各自的在不同文化中的特点、以及委婉语与禁忌语在中西方文化上的宗教、等级观念、礼仪等方面的具体比较来更好的分析委婉语与禁忌语，便于了解不同的文化，这样就能更好的掌握它们，并运用到实际当中，提高交际能力，避免不必要的误会。

关键词：

委婉语，禁忌语，语言，文化，比较

Abstract

Therelationbetweenlanguageandcultureisdialectic.Everylanguageisapartofitsculture.Languagedoesnotonlyservetheculture,butalsoisamirrorfortheculture.Languageistheoutcomeofthesocialdevelopment,anditalsoreflectsthesociety.Withthedevelopmentofthehistory,wehaveseenalotofchangesaboutlanguage.TabooandEuphemismaretheimportantformsinoursociety.Andtheyalsoplayanimportantroleininterpersonalinteraction.Withthedevelopmentofthecivilization,TabooandEuphemismhavealsoaffectedandenrichedtheculture.Becauseofthebackwardnessofreligions,superstitions,etiquettes,andtechnologies,apartofthelanguageisnotallowedtouse,inthesametime,someotherwordscameupandreplacedthesewordswhicharenotallowedtobeused.Then,TabooandEuphemismarecreatedinourdailylife.

Keywords:

Taboo，Euphemism，language,culture,comparison

Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

1Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

2OriginandDefinitionoftabooandeuphemism------------------------------------10

2.1OriginandDefinitionoftaboo----------------------------------------------------------10

2.2OriginandDefinitionofeuphemism--------------------------------------------------11

2.3sampleanalysis---------------------------------------------------------------------------11

3FeatureofeuphemismandtabooinChineseandEnglish------------------------12

3.1Thelanguagefeaturesofeuphemism--------------------------------------------------12

3.1.1Nationality------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

3.1.2Locality----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

3.1.3Relevance-------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

3.1.4IndirectionandRelativity-----------------------------------------------------------13

3.1.5Fuzziness------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

3.1.6Humor---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

3.2Thelanguagefeaturesoftaboo---------------------------------------------------14

3.2.1Universality--------------------------------------------------------------------------14

3.2.2Nationality---------------------------------------------------------------------------14

3.2.3Relevance----------------------------------------------------------------------------14

3.2.4Description---------------------------------------------------------------------------15

3.2.5Classnature--------------------------------------------------------------------------15

3.2.6Implicitness--------------------------------------------------------------------------15

4ThreeFormationsofEuphemismandtaboo------------------------------------15

4.1FormationofTaboo-------------------------------------------------------------------16

4.1.1Profanities---------------------------------------------------------------------------16

4.1.2Obscenities--------------------------------------------------------------------------16

4.1.3Vulgarities---------------------------------------------------------------------------17

4.1.4Sensitivetopics---------------------------------------------------------------------17

4.2PrinciplesoftheFormationofEuphemism---------------------------------------17

4.2.1Remoteness-------------------------------------------------------------------------17

4.2.2Pleasantness------------------------------------------------------------------------18

4.2.3Relatedness-----------------------------------------------------------------------18

5ThedifferenceinTabooandEuphemismbetweenChineseandEnglish-19

5.1BackgroundofChinaandWesterncountries.-----------------------------------19

5.2TheapplicationandcomparisonbetweenChineseandEnglishintabooandeuphemism.------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

5.3ThedifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishintabooandeuphemism------21

5.3.1Thetabooandeuphemisminreligion------------------------------------------21

5.3.2Thetabooandeuphemisminsenseofgrade---------------------------------22

5.3.3Thetabooandeuphemisminetiquette----------------------------------------22

6Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------------23

7Bibliographies------------------------------------------------------------------------24

8Acknowledgments---------------------------------------------------------------------25

1Introduction

Language,asatoolofcommunication,throughthecrucialrolethatlanguageplaysintheorganizationofsocialgroup,hasastrongconnectionwithcultureandsociety.TabooandEuphemism,beingpartofthelanguage,havealonghistoryinChineseandEnglish.However,theircreationhastheiruniquereasons,andtheirusage,scopeofapplicationarealsodifferent.

2OriginandDefinitionoftabooandeuphemism

2.1OriginandDefinitionoftaboo

ThetermtabooisofPolynesianorigin-“tabu”onTonganArchipelagoes.ItoriginallyreferstothoseholyfactsorobjectswhichcannotbespokenortouchedandfirstnotedbyCaptainJamesCook,aBritishsailor.Thereisalsoastory.DuringCook’svisittoTonganin1771,whenhecametotheislandinSouthPacific,hefoundmanystrangephenomena.Forexample,someobjectscanonlybeusedbytheirleadersorbytheGod,butsomecanonlybeusedbycommonpeople,andsomeobjectscanonlybeusedforspecialpurpose,butsomeonlyforgeneraluse.Thelocalpeoplecalledthesephenomena“tabu”,whichmeans“tobeholyanduntouchable”.CookintroducedthistermintotheEnglishlanguage,andspelleditas“taboo”inEnglish.TaboohashighlydevelopedinPolynesiansocietyofSouthPacific,buttheyemergedfromthemanycultures,bothinChineseandEnglish.Therefore,theword“taboo”,asaspecialnounforthiskindofspecialphenomenon,wasbroughttosociologyandanthropology.Itisinterpretedasonewayinwhichasocietyexpresseditsdisapprovalofcertainkindsofbehaviorwhichareconsideredharmfultosomeoneeitherforsupernaturalreasonsorsuchbehaviorthatwillviolateamoralcode.Thereisnogenerallyacceptedexplanationoftaboountillnow,butthereisbroadagreementthatthetabooscurrentinanysocietytendtobecomeprohibitions,excludingsomethingfromuse,approach,ormentionbecauseoftheirsacredandinviolablenature,orbansorinhibitionresultingfromsocialcustomoremotionalaversion.

Therearetwoaspectsoftaboo:

oneistheobjects,whichshouldberespected,butcannotbeusedfreely;theotherisobjects,whichcannotbetouchedfreely.Inabroadersense,tabooexistsinallknowncultures,referringtocertainacts,objectsorrelationshipwhichthesocietywishestoavoidandthelanguageusedtotalkaboutthem.Inotherwords,tabooconsistsofBehavioralTabooandVerbalTaboo.Generallyspeaking,BehavioralTaboocausedVerbalTaboo.VerbalTabooindicates“atotalorpartialprohibitionoftheuseofcertainwords,expressionandtopicsinsocialinteraction.”

2.2OriginandDefinitionofeuphemism

Theword“euphemism”wasderivedfromtheGreekword“euphemismos”,whichmeans“fairspeech”.Theprefix“eu”means“good,soundwell”and“pheme”means“saying”or“speech”.Andthustheliteralmeaningof“euphemism”is“tospeakwithgoodwordsorinapleasantmanner”.Thatistosay,euphemismisusedasanalternativetounpleasantexpression,inordertoavoidpossiblylosingsomeone’sface,orone’sownface,orthroughgoingoffense,thatoftheaudience,orsomeofthirdofparty.Thisunpleasantexpressionmaybetabooed,fearsome,orforsomeotherreasonsthatspeakerscan’torintendnottousesomecertainexpressiondirectlyonsomeoccasion.“InWebster’sEncyclopedicUnabridgedDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageis‘thesubstitutionofamild,indirect,orvagueexpressionforonethoughtsubstituted’.RawsonBlunt,aBritishwriter,definedeuphemismas‘agoodfavorableinterpretationofabadword.”“EncyclopediaBritannica（1994）alsodefineseuphemismas‘afigureofspeechinwhichsomethingofanunpleasant,distressingorindelicatenatureisdescribedinlessoffensiveterms’”.

2.3sampleanalysis

FortheEnglishlearner,understandingthetabooandeuphemismisveryimportant;therearesomeexamplesbothinChineseandEnglish.

InChinese,especiallyinsex,Chineselanguagehasbeenaffectedbythefeudalismforalongtime.PeopleinChinaarenotallowedtosaysomewordsinexcretion.Forexample,peopleareavoidedtotalkaboutdefecationwhenhavetheirdinner.Chinesepeopledonotsay“somebodyisdead”,theyalwaysusethewordsjustlike“somebodyhasgoneorsomebodyistooold”.InEnglish,peoplealsodonotusethewords“cancer”,theycallit“thebigc”or“longillness”,butinChinese,peoplesaytheillnesscannottobecured.InEnglish,peoplealsousesomesentencestoreplacetheword“menstruation”,justlike“I’mhavin