南开大学基础英语.docx

南开大学基础英语.docx

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南开大学基础英语

南开大学2011年基础英语考研真题

PartIVocabulary（本题共20分,每题l分）

FillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelowChangetheformifnecessary.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.

bigot

override

paltry

slump

tantrum

hone

craven

hallucinate

virtuosity

charisma

pedagogy

liquidate

temporal

edify

consecrate

simulate

havoc

waver

incur

ephemeral

1.Thenewgovernmentpledgedtomakeeveryefforttostabilizeitseconomyby______nationaldebts.

2.Sheproposedthatshouldberecognizedasoneofthemajordisciplinesinherschool.

3.Thepiratesmadealongthecoast.

4.Oneofthemputforwarda（n）proposalforputtingupthewhiteflag.

5.Factsarerecordedintheannalswiththecoloringofprejudiceand.

6.TheAmericannationalcharacterwassharpduringtheWestwardExpansion.

7.Thescientistscarriedoutanaudio-visualofthebeginningoftheuniverse.

8.Themanagementofferedusa（n）3％salaryincrease.

9.Henrybetweenacceptingandrefusing

10.Thisbattle-fieldistothememoryofthesoldierswhodiedhere.

11.Thepianistwasapplaudedforhisincredible.

12.Salesby20％lastyear.

13.TheChurchhasnopowerinthemoderncountry.

14.Hecouldneverbeafilmstar;he’sgotno.

15.Noonewouldclaimthatthefilmismorally.

16.Heinsistedonhisownwayandalladviceandobjections.

17.Assoonasthedrugtookeffect,shestarted.

18.Somekidthrewa（n）inthemiddleofthestore.

19.Fashionsarebynaturefickleand.

20.Thehurricanecausedterrible.

PartⅡCloze（本题共l0分,每空l分）

Tounderstandthemarketingconceptitisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyonthe1productionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesesgoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthen2themintomoney.

Marketing3focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoods4willsatisfythem.Thiseye-on-the-consumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthat5tryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

Thisconceptdoesnotimplythatbusinessisbenevolentorthatconsumersatisfactionisgiven6overprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransaction—thefirmandcustomer—andeachmusthesatisfied7tradeoccurs.Successfulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingand8customers.Inmid-1985,CocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Asignificantportionofthepublicdidnotacceptthenewflavor,bringabouta9restorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketed10thenew,KingCustomersruled.

1.A.productiveB.efficientC.affluentD.proficient

2.A.convertB.transformC.switchD.modify

3.A.onthecontraryB.inthemeantimeC.howeverD.ontheotherhand

4.A.whatB.thenC.thatD.and

5.A.aheadofB.whileC.priortoD.insteadof

6.A.superiorityB.privilegeC.prejudiceD.priority

7.A.beforeB.AfterC.whileD.then

8.A.lookinguptoB.adjustingtoC.cateringtoD.adaptingto

9.A.properB.promptC.prominentD.profound

10.A.byB.withC.alongsideD.as

PartⅢReadingComprehension（本题共40分,每题2分）

Question1～5arebasedonthefollowingpassage：

Historically,theprimaryresponsibilityfortherearingofyoungchildrenbelongedalmostexclusivelytotheparents,especiallythefather.ItwasnotuntilthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturythattheStatewaswillingtoremoveayoungchildfromdirectsupervisionofnegligentorabusiveparents.Evenso,inordertoreducewelfarecoststotherestofthecommunity,adestitutefamilyinearlyAmerica,incapableofsupportingitsownmembers,wassometimesbrokenupandthechildrenplacedinotherhouseholds.

Duringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturythemother’sroleintheupbringingofchildrenwasenhanced：

Womenbecametheprimaryprovidersofcareandaffection;andasmen’schurchmembershipdeclined,womenalsobecameresponsibleforthecatechizingandeducationofyoungchildren,eventhoughtheyoftenwerelessliteratethanmen.Whilechildrearingmanualscontinuedtoacknowledgetheimportanceofthefather,theyalsorecognizedthatthemotherhadbecomethemajorfigureinthecareoftheyoung.

ThroughoutmuchofWesternhistory,aslongaschildrenremainedinthehome,parentsexercisedconsiderablecontroloverthem,eventotheextentofarrangingtheirmarriagesandinfluencingtheircaterchoices.Childrenwereexpectedtobeobedientandtocontributetothewell-beingofthefamily.And,perhapsmoreinWesternEuropethaninAmerica,childrenwereoftenexpectedtoturnoveralmostalloftheirearningsdirectlytotheparents—sometimesevenaftertheyhadlefthome.

Bythelateeighteenthorearlynineteenthcenturysomeofthiscontrolhadbeeneroded,andtherightsofchildrenasindividualswereincreasinglyrecognizedandacknowledged.Interestingly,thedevelopmentofchildren’srightshasproceededsorapidlyandsofarthatwemaynowbeinthemidstofabacklash,aseffortsarebeingmadetore-establishparentalresponsibilityinareassuchasthereproductivebehaviorofminorchildren.

Clearlytherehavebeenmajorchangesinthewayoursocietytreatschildren;butitwouldbeverydifficultformanyofustoagreeonthecostsandbenefitsofthesetrends—whetherfromtheviewpointofthechild,theparents,orsociety.Whymanyapplaudtheincreasingindividualismandfreedomofchildrenwithinthefamily,otherlamentthelossoffamilyresponsibilityanddiscipline.Ahistoricalanalysisofparentsandchildrencannotsettlesuchdisputes,butitcanprovideuswithabetterappreciationoftheflexibilityandresilienceofthefamilyasaninstitutionforraisingtheyoung.

1.BeforethelatenineteenthcenturyinAmerica,therearingofchildrenwastheresponsibility______.

A.solelyonthepartofthehouseholdcommunity

B.mainlyonthepartofthehousehold

C.solelyonthepartofthefather

D.solelyonthepartofthemother

2.Theword“destitute”canbestbereplacedby.

A.poorB.bigC.richD.irresponsible

3.Itcanbelearnedfromthesecondparagraphthatduringthe18thand19thcentury.

A.womenenjoyedequaleducationwithmen

B.women’ssocialstatuswasgreatlyimproved

C.menmaintainedtheirkeyroleinchildraising

D.women’seducationwasstilllessthanmen’s

4.Asmentionedbytheauthor,effortstore-establishparentalresponsibilityare.

A.tosharecommunitywelfareburden

B.inconcernofminorchildren'screativebehavior

C.inconcernofteenageparents

D.tobettercontrolminorchildren'sexpenditure

5RegardingthewayAmericanchildrenaretreated,theauthorisapparently.

A.infavorofitB.worriedaboutitC.upsetaboutitD.againstit

Question6～10arebasedonthefollowingpassage：

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywe'llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench.”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpaththetumor.ZamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositionsWhilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures—operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

6.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine.

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefield

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefi