黄衍讲座的handout.docx

黄衍讲座的handout.docx

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黄衍讲座的handout

Neo-Griceanpragmatics:

FromanaphorathroughtheSquareofOppositiontorelationshipbreakdown

YanHuang

yan.huang@auckland.ac.nz

Linguistics,DALSL,UniversityofAuckland

1ClassicalGriceanpragmatics

OftheEnglishandAmericanphilosophersborninthepresentcenturyIthinkIhaveknownallthemostgifted.IdonotthinkIhaveknownanywhoisorwastheequal,incertainrespects,ofPaulGrice.-PeterStrawson（1990）

（1）Grice'stheoryofconversationalimplicature（simplified）（Huang2000a）

a.Theco-operativeprinciple

Beco-operative.

b.Themaximsofconversation

Quality:

Betruthful.

（i）Don'tsaywhatisfalse.

（ii）Don'tsaywhatlacksevidence.

Quantity:

（i）Don'tsaylessthanisrequired.

（ii）Don'tsaymorethanisrequired.

Relation:

Berelevant.

Manner:

Beperspicuous.

（i）Avoidobscurity.

（ii）Avoidambiguity.

（iii）Bebrief.

（iv）Beorderly.

（2）Johnisgoingtotakeawomanoutfordinnerthisevening.

+>Thewomanisquestionisnote.g.John’swife

2Neo-Griceanpragmatics

ThreeLevinsonianprinciples（simplified）

（3）TheQ[antity]-principle（Levinson2000,Huang2000,2007）

Speaker:

Donotsaylessthanisrequired（bearingtheI-principleinmind）.

Addressee:

Whatisnotsaidisnotthecase.

（4）

Someofthethunderingsurfbeachesaremagnificent.

+>Notallofthethunderingsurfbeachesaremagnificent

（5）TheI[nformativeness]-principle（Levinson2000,Huang2000,2007）.

Speaker:

Donotsaymorethanisrequired（bearingtheQ-principleinmind）.

Addressee:

Whatisgenerallysaidisstereotypicallyandspecificallyexemplified

（6）IfyougivemeafreeBeethoven,I'llbuyfiveMozarts.

+>IfandonlyifyougivemeafreeBeethovenwillIbuyfiveMozarts

（7）TheM[anner]-principle（Levinson2000,Huang2000,2007）

Speaker:

Donotuseamarkedexpressionwithoutreason.

Addressee:

Whatissaidinamarkedwayconveysamarkedmessage.

（8）a.Thenewmanagerisfriendly.

I+>Thenewmanagerisfriendlyinthestereotypicalsense

b.Thenewmanagerisnotunfriendly.

M+>Thenewmanagerislessfriendlythantheutteranceof（7a）suggests

（9）Levinson'sresolutionschemafortheinteractionoftheQ-,I-,andM-principles

a.Levelofgenus:

Q>M>I

b.Levelofspecies:

e.g.Q-clausal>Q-scalar

3Neo-Griceanpragmaticsandthelexicon

3.1Lexicalnarrowing（e.g.Huang1998,2005,2009）

Q-based

（10）

Johnfoldedthenewspaperneatlyintoarectangle.

+>Johndidnotfoldthenewspaperneatlyintoasquare

I-based

（11）a.Johnhadaglassofmilkforbreakfastthismorning.[cow’smilk]

b.It’snotthedrinking;it’sthewaywearedrinking.（AdvertisementagainstbingedrinkingonTVNZ）.[alcoholicdrinking,drinkingalcohol]

c.Gordon’scousinisanurse/secretary.[femalenurse/secretary]

d.JohnisreadingtwomodernlanguagesatOxford.（BritishEnglish）[twomodernEuropeanlanguagesotherthanModernEnglishatOxfordUniversity]

e.FernandoLugo（thePresidentofParaguay）acknowledgedhehadarelationshipwithVivianaCarillo（whilehewasstillaCatholicbishop）.（TheNewZealandHerald15April2009）[asexualrelationship]

f.ShewantstomarryanAsian.（BritishEnglish）[asub-IndianContinentalAsian]

g.Somethingsmellshere!

[smellsbad/stinks]

h.Theblondehasabrain.[ahigh-functioningbrain]

i.HaveyoubeentoShakespeare'sbirthplace?

[WilliamShakespeare,theEnglishdramatistandpoet]

j.Thatcountryistestingabomb.[atombomb]

k.Somethinghashappenedinthehotel.[somethingunusual]

l.Speedkills.[fastspeed]

3.2Lexicalcloning（Huang2009,seealsoHorn1993,Ghomeshietal.2004,Whitton2008.）

（12）（Dialoguebetweenamarriedcouple,recentlyseparatedandnowlivingapart.）

A:

Maybeyou’dliketocomeinandhavesomecoffee?

B:

Yeah,I’dlikethat.

A:

Justcoffee-coffee,nodoublemeanings.

（13）I’llmakethetunasalad,andyoumakethesalad-salad.

（14）a.Oh,we’rejustlivingtogetherlivingtogether.

b.Oh,we’renotlivingtogetherlivingtogether.

（15）IwasnotborninCambridge;IwasborninCambridge-Cambridge.

Otherlanguageswhichhavelexicalcloning:

Afrikaans,Dyari,Dyirbal,German,Italian,French,QuebecFrench,ModernGreek,KiNande,VulgarLatin,Persian,Russian,Spanish,Tzeltal,Tzotzil.（Huang2009）

3.3Lexicalblocking（Horn1984,Huang1998,2008,2009）

（16）Blockingword`Blockedword

glory*gloriosity

went*goed

queen*kingess

（17）BlockingwordBlockedword

Chinesezhongtong‘president’*guozhang

zhuxi‘president’

Germanlieber‘morewillingly’*garner

Italiancoraggio‘courage’*coraggiosità

3.4Lexicalisationasymmetry:

logicaloperators（Horn1989,Levinson200,Huang1998,2009）

（18）SquareofOpposition（ApuleiusandBoethiusafterAristotle）

（19）

AIEO

Quantifiersallsomenonenotall/*nall

Adverbsalwayssometimesnevernotalways/*nalways

Connectivesandornorandnot/*nand

Modalsmustmaymustnotpermitnot*permitn’t

Thequestion:

whydoestheOcornertendnottobelexicalised?

（20）

Somemonkeyshavetails.（I）

+>Notallmonkeyshavetails（~A=O）

（21）

Notallmonkeyshavetails.（O）

+>Notnone（i.e.some）monkeyshavetails（~E=I）

4Neo-Griceanpragmaticsandsemantics

（22）a.Griceanwhatissaidvs.whatisimplicated（Grice1989）

b.Pragmaticintrusionintowhatissaid（e.g.Levinson2000,Huang2007）

c.Grice’scircle（e.g.Levinson2000,Huang2007）

d.Theexplicitvs.theimplicit（Carston2002,2009）

e.Thesemantics-pragmaticsdistinction（e.g.Levinson2000,Huang2007,andvariousarticlesinSyntheses165（3）,aspecialissueonthesemantics/pragmaticsdistinctionpublishedin2008）

Philosophyoflanguage:

contextualismvs.semanticminimalism/literalism

Radicalcontextualism（Travis1989,SperberandWilson1986/1995,Recanati2002,2004,Atlas2005）

Moderatecontexualism（Stanley2000,2005,StanleyandSzabo2000,Taylor2001）

Minimalsemantics（Borg2004）

Insensitivesemantics（CappelenandLepore2005）

Radicalsemanticminimalism（Bach2004,2006）

Semanticrelativism（MacFarlane2005,2007,Richard2004,Kölbel2008）

Experimentalpsychology:

resultsinfavourofdefaultinferencetheory

（Grodneretal.2007,StortoandTanenhaus2005）

infavourofgrammaticalinferencetheory（PanizzaandChierchia2008）

infavourofcontextualinferencetheory（BezuidenhoutandMorris2004,Brehenyetal.2006,Katsosetal.2006）

infavourofBach’simpliciture/standardizationtheory（GarrettandHarnish2007,2009）

5Neo-Griceanpragmaticsandsyntax:

bindingandanaphora

YanHuang,astudentofLevinson’swhoforsometimesubstitutedforthelatteratCambridge…hasinseveralworks（1991,1994）,adoptedastrict‘constructionist’viewofGrice.HuangmakesthepointthattheGriceanmaximstieinwithanumberofotherlinguisticphenomenasuchasreference,anaphoraandthelike…whichservestoenhancethestatusofwhatonecouldcall‘ageneralizedpost-Griceantheoryofimplicatureandpresupposition’.-HaberlandandMey（2002）.Linguisticsandpragmatics,25yearsafter.JournalofPragmatics34:

1671-1682.Aneditorialtocelebratethe25thanniversaryofthepublicationofJournalofPragmatics.

（23）Chomsky's（1995）bindingconditionsintheP-PtheoryandMinimalistprogramme

A.Ananaphor（e.g.areflexive）isboundinalocaldomain.

B.Apronominal（e.g.apronoun）isfreeinalocaldomain.

C.Anr-expression（e.g.aname）isfree.

（24）a.Newton1admiredhimself1.

b.Newton1admiredhim2.

c.Newton1admiredNewton2.

（25）Aneo-Griceanpragmatictheoryofanaphora（e.g.Huang1991,1994,2000a,b,2001,2002,2004,2006,2007,2010,ChiouandHuang2010,seealsoLevinson1987,1991,2000）

Huang’s（2000a）revisedneo-Griceanpragmaticapparatusforanaphora（simplified）

（i）TheuseofananaphoricexpressionxI-implicatesalocalco-referential

interpretation,unless（ii）or（iii）.

（ii）ThereisananaphoricQ-scale,inwhichcasetheuseofy

Q-implicatesthecomplementoftheI-implicatureassociatedwith

theuseofxintermsofreference.

（iii）ThereisananaphoricM-scale{x,y},inwhichcasetheuseofy

M-implicatesthecomplementoftheI-implicatureassociatedwiththeuseofx,intermsofeitherreferenceorexpectedness.

（26）

（27）（Icelandic,citedinHuang2000a:

227）

a.JonveitaðMariaelskarhann.

Johnknows-INDICthatMaryloves-INDIChim

‘John1knowsthatMaryloveshim1.’

b.JonsegiraðMariaelskisig.

Johnsays-INDICthatMaryloves-SBJVself

‘John1saysthatMarylovesself1.’

Theextensionoftheanalysistoswitch-referencemarkersinAmeleandlogophoricverbalsuffixesinGokana（Huang2010）

6Neo-Griceanpragmatics,pragmaticcrimes,andthelaw

Thelawisaprofessionofwords.-DavidMellinkoff

Language/linguistic/pragmaticcrimes:

solicitation,conspiracy,bribery,threat,perjuryetc.（SolanandTiersma2005）

（28）（Inaletterbyalitigantwithlittlesuccessinthecourtstosomeofhisjudges）

Areallthewindowsinsured?

Athreatornotathreat,that’sthequestion.

Indirectspeechact（e.g.Searle1975）plusI-implicature

Youmayverywellthinkthat;Icouldn’tpossiblycomment.-FrancisUrquhart,thehero/villaininHouseofCards,apopularBritishpoliticalthrillerandTVdrama.

Perjury:

theClintonimpeachmentcase（SolanandTiersma2005,Kuntz1998,Posner1999）

DidClintontellthetruthunderoath?

Itdependsuponwhatthemeaningoftheword‘is’is.–WilliamJ.Clinton

（29）Q:

Wasityourresp