研究生英语朗文听说教程听力+答案.docx

研究生英语朗文听说教程听力+答案.docx

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研究生英语朗文听说教程听力+答案

Unit2English:

agloballanguage

Today'stopicisEnglishasagloballanguage.IknowmanyofyouwhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguage,right?

Howaboutyou,H~?

IsEnglishyourfirstlanguage?

H:

No.MyfirstlanguageisJapnese.Englishismysecondlanguage.

Andhowaboutyou,P~?

P:

Englishismysecondlanguage,too.MyfirstlanguageisSpanish.

See,manyofyouuseEnglishasasecondlanguage,evenasagloballanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeoplewhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguage.

TodayIwanttogiveyoutwocantrastingpointsofviewonwhetherornotEnglishisagloballanguage.FirstisthatEnglishisobviousaglaballanguage,peoplewhosupportthispointofviewbelieveEnglishisthelanguageofpeopleallovertheworldusedtocommunicate,andthatitisgraduallyreplacingotherlanguages.ThesecondpointofviewisthatEnglishisnottruelyagloballanguagebecauseitisnotthemainlanguagespokenbymostpeoplewordwide.SuportersofthisviewsaythateventhoughmanypeoplespeaksomeEnglishworldwide,Englishhasnotreplacedotherlanguages.TheyackonwledgethatpeopleuseEnglisheverydayformanyreasons,butthisdoesn'tmeanEnglishisreplacingotherlanguages,notmakeEnglishthemainlanguagespokenintheworld.

First,let'sexamthefirstview.Firstofall,Englishisthedominatedlanguageofbusiness,travelandsciences.Whenpeopleneedacommonlanguage,theyoftenuseEnglish.Thinkaboutit,Englishisoftenusedthattouriestimformationsetters,ininternationalhotels,atairports.IfyouuseataxiinRome,andyoucan'tspeakItalian,thetaxidriverismorelikelytouseEnglishthananyotherlanguages.Itisusedatbusinessmeetingsandinternationalsportsevents.TheEuropeanUnionusesEnglishalongwithFrenchatitsmeetings.ACN,theAsianTradeGroup,usesEnglishatitsmeetings.CanyouthinkofothersituationinwhichEnglishisusedasacommonlanguage?

P:

Howaboutthisclass?

AllofusarelisteningtoyouinEnglish.

Absolutely,educationalsettingsagreatexample.Anyothers?

P:

Howaboutthechatroomontheinternet?

Isometimesgotochatroom,seemseveryoneusesEnglish.

Excellentexample!

TheinternethascreatalotofinternationalcommunitiesandpeopleoftenuseEnglish.Infact,mostpeoplewhousetheinternetknowEnglish.ThishelpstosupporttheviewEnglishisagloballanguage.

ThesecondmajorreasonthatpeoplebelieveEnglishisagloballanguageisthatitistheofficallanguageofmorethan75countries.ThismeansthesecountriesuseEnglishinschools,banks,businessandgovenment.Ofthese75countries,EnglishmaybetheonlyofficallanguageofthecountrylikeinEngland,orEnglishmaybeusedalongwithotherofficallanguages,likeinFilipine,SingaporeandIndia.IncountrylikeinIndia,wheresomanylanguageswerespoken,youcanseehowusingEnglishasanofficallanguagemakeiteasierforpeopletocommunicate.

Thethirdreasontosupporttheglobalarguementisthateveryyearabout1billionpeoplestudyEnglish.Why?

Whyaresomeofthereasons?

P~,howaboutyou?

P:

Well,nowtostudy,andsomeday,Iwanttobeintheinternationalbusiness.

That'sasolidreason,Howaboutyou?

A~?

A:

I'mnotreallysure.Ijustthinkitwillhelpmeinthefuturesomehow.

OK.Thereismoregeneralreason.ThepointispeoplewantandneedtolearnEnglishbecauseitoffersthemopportunities.Tosumup,Englishisusedeverydaybymanypeople.Peopleallovertheworldcomingcontactwitheachotherformanyreasons.Theneedacommonlanguage,alangugetofacilitatecommunication.BeingproficientinEnglishgivesomeoneanadvantageinthesesituations.

OK,IhavegivenyoumanyexamplesofhowEnglishisusedinavarietyofsituations.Nevertheless,doesthismeanthatEnglishisagloballanguage?

letslookatwhysomepeopledon'tbelieveEnglishhasreplacedotherlanguages.

First,thereareabout3timesasmanypeoplewhospeakChineseastheirfirstlanguageasthosewhospeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Asinmanycoutries,wheresomepeopleuseEnglishforworkeachday,theydon'tuseEnlishanywhereelse.EveninanEnglishspeakingcountry,therearemillionsofpeoplewhoperfertospeakalanguageotherthanenglishathomewithfriendsoratwork.

Second,Imentionedbefore,that75countrieshadEnglishastheiroffciallanguage.Thisdoesn'tmeanallorevenmostofthepeopleinthesecountriescanspeakEnglish.e.g,InIndia,most（s）agreethatonlyabout5%ofthepopulationspeakEnglish.That'sasmallpersentage.

Third,howmuchEnglishdoesapersonneedtoknowtobecalledanEnglishspeaker?

PeoplemaylearnsomeEnglishforspecificsituation,suchasthetaxidriverdImentionedealier.However,Ithinkyouwouldallagreewithmethatataxidriverwhoknowsafewphraseslike"whereareyougoing"or"whatisthenameofyourhotel"isn'treallyaproficientEnglishspeaker.Anotherexampleis,Airspeak,theEnglishthatisusedbyaircraftcontrollinpilots,apilotfromtheirlinesoraircraftcontrolneedtoknowairspeak,buttheymayonlylearnthewordstheyneedforthesejobs,andthereforetheycannotbeconsideredasEnglishspeakers.ThepointhereisthatpeopleallovertheworldmayuseEnglishforworkorothersituations,nevertheless,thisdoesn'tmeantheyarefluentinEnglish.Theystillusetheirfirstlanguagefordailycommunication,Englishisnottheirmainlanguage.So,whatdoesthisallmean?

Ithinkit'ssafetosaythatEnglishwillcontinuetobethemainlanguageusedinmanyinternationalsettingsbecauseasIsaidearlier,peopleallovertheworldneedacommonlanguage.Andfornow,Englishisthatlanguage.ButEnglishwouldreplaceotherlanguagesformostdailycommunication,andthistomeiswhatagloballanguagereallyis.Onethatreplacesothersformosteverydaycommunication.Somepeopleareafraidofthis.TheyworrythataspeopleuseEnglishmoreandmore,theirabilityintheirfistlanguagewilldecline,IthinkpeoplewilluseEnglishalongwithotherlanguages.Wearemovingintoaglobalculture,andasthiscontinues,Ithinkpeoplefromnon-Englishspeakingcountrieswillwanttomaintaintheircultureincludingtheirfirstlanguage,theymaystillwanttolearnEnglish,butIdon'tseethemtogiveuptheirownlanguageforEnglish.Whatdoyouthink?

I'mgonnastopthere.Iknowthat'salotofimformationtodigest.we'llcontinuetalkingaboutsomeofthediffrencesinEnglishwordsusedinvarycountriesinAustrilia,SingaporeandFilipine.

Unit3HighAnxiety:

Phobias

goodafternoon!

Todaywearegoingtoturntoanewtopicinpsychologyandstartlookingatsomespecificpsychologicalproblems.Thereareavarietyofmentalproblemsthatcanaffectusinourdailylifes.someareserious,likeafearofcats,orofinsects,othersaremoreserious.Now,asapsychologist,wetrytostudythisdifferentproblemsandfindwaystohelppeople.

Iwanttostartthediscussionbytalkingaboutfailyverycommonpsychologicalproblem,aphobia.that'sP-H-O-B-I-A.First,I'llexplainwhatphobiaisandthenI'lltalkaboutsometheoriesonwhypeoplehavephobias.Asyouproboblyknow,aphobiaisafear.Sodoanyofyouhavephobias?

Oh,comeon,youcantellme,I'mapsychologist.Yes,Monica.

（M）Ihaveafearofswimming.Idon'tliketogoneartheocean.

Ok.That'snotanusualphobia.Anyoneelse?

Ali?

（A）Ihatedogs.ImeanIjustunlikethem.WhenIseeabigdog,actuallyanydog,Ijustgetnervous,soIavoidthem.

OK.that'sanothercommonphobia.Thanksforsharingthoseexamplesofphobias.Aphobiaisnotanormalfear,itisanextremefear,averystrongfear.e.g,mybrother,whoisasucessfulartist,hadcomputerphobia.hedidn'tsimplydislikeusingcomputers,heusedtohaveverystrongfearofusingthem.Psychologistjustcomeupwith3characteristicsofaphobia.Peopledisplaythese3characterisitics,iftheyhaveaphobia,notjustanormalfear.

Now,first,aphobiaisnotarationalresponse.It'saverystrongreaction,toostrongforthesituation.formybrother,thismeanthehasverystrongphysicalreactionifsomeoneaskhimtouseacomputer.hestartedshakingviolated,hadtroublebreathing,onceheevenstartedchoking.Physicalrecationslikethisarecommon.

Second,aphobiaoftenlastforalongtime,formonthsorevenyears.Inmybrother'scase,itlastsseveralyears.

Third,thereactionistoostrongforapersontocontrol.e.g,evenmybrothertoldhimselftonottobeafraidofcomputer,itdidn'thelp.Hestillfeltveryafraid.Usually,peopleavoidwhateveritistheyareafraidof.so,inmybrother'scase,heaviodedusingacomputer.OK,sothosearethe3characteristicsofphobias.It'sanextremeunrationalresponse,it'slong-lasting,andit'suncontrollable.

（M）so'uncontrollable'meansevenyoutrytocontrolit,youcan't?

yes,itmeansyoucan'tcontrolitbytrytodenyyoufearofphobia.Therearewaystotreatphobias,andwewilltalkaboutitinaminute.

Yes!

（A）whathappenedtoyourbrother,didhegetoverofit?

Yes,hedid.Themainthingwasthathedecidedthathewantedtogetoverit.andhewastreatedbyapsychologist.now,heusescomputersallthetime.

OK.let'sspendaminutegoingoversomeclassificationsofphobias.Phobiasareclassifiedbythethingorsituationthatthepersonfears.GreekorLatinareusuallyusedtodescribethefears.hereareexamples:

Hypno,H-Y-P-N-Omeanssleep,so,fearofsleepishypnophobia.cyno,C-Y-N-Omeansdog,soafearofdogiscynophobia,right?

Hereisanotherexample,aerophobia,listentothefirstpart,aero,what'sthefear?

aero,asinairplane,aerophobiaisfearflying.Letturnou