职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文.docx
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职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文
2012职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文
(红色为书中选项答案)
1BetterControlofTBSeenIfaFasterCureIsFound
TheWorldHealthOrganization1estimatesthataboutone-thirdofallpeopleareinfectedwithbacteriathatcausetuberculosis.Mosttimes,theinfectionremainsinactive.ButeachyearabouteightmillionpeopledevelopactivecasesofTB,usuallyintheirlungs.Twomillionpeopledieofofit.ThediseasehasincreasedwiththespreadofAIDSanddrug-resistantformsoftuberculosis.
Currenttreatmentstakeatleastsixmonths.Peoplehavetotakeacombinationofseveralantibioticdrugsdaily.Butmanypeoplestopassoonastheyfeelbetter.Doingthatcanleadtoaninfectionthatresiststreatment.Publichealthexpertsagreethatafaster-actingcurefortuberculosiswouldbemoreeffective.Nowastudyestimatesjusthoweffectiveitmightbe.AprofessorofinternationalhealthatHarvardUniversity2ledthestudy.JoshuaSalomonsaysashortertreatmentprogramwouldlikelymeannotjustmorepatientscured.Itwouldalsomeanfewerinfectiouspatientswhocanpassontheirinfectiontoothers.
Theresearchersdevelopedamathematicalmodeltoexaminetheeffectsofatwo-monthtreatmentplan.TheytestedthemodelwithcurrentTBconditionsinSoutheastAsia.Thescientistsfoundthatatwo-monthtreatmentcouldpreventabouttwentypercentofnewcases.Anditmightpreventabouttwenty-fivepercentofTBdeaths.Themodelshowsthatthesereductionswouldtakeplacebetweentwothousandtwelveandtwothousandthirty.Thatis,ifafastercureisdevelopedandinwideusebytwothousandtwelve.
TheWorldHealthOrganizationreductionstheDOTS3programinnineteenninety.DOTSisDirectlyObservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheirdailypillstomakesuretheycontinuetreatment.
Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandtheDOTSprogram.Theten-yearplanalsoaimstofinanceresearchintonewTBdrugs.Thefourmostcommondrugsusednowaremorethanfortyyearsold.TheGlobalAllianceforTBDrugDevelopment4saysitslong-termgoalisatreatmentthatcouldworkinasfewastendoses.
2Goingonadiet(新增)
Atypicalpersonneedsabout1,800caloriesperdaytostayalive.Thesecalorieskeepyourheartbeatingandyourlungsbreathing.Theykeepyourorgansoperatingproperlyandyourbrainrunning.Theyalsokeepyourbodywarm.Apersongainsweightbecauseheorsheconsumesmorecaloriesperdaythanneeded.Theonlywaytolosefatistoreducethenumberofcaloriesthatyouconsumeperday.Thisisthebasicprinciplebehindgoingonadiet.
unfortunately,dietsdon'tworkformostpeople.Theydoloseweightbutthengooffthedietandputitback.Buildingasensibledietandexerciseplanisthekeytomaintainingaconsistentweight.Youneedtofigureouthowmanycaloriesyouneedinadayandhowmanyyouactuallytakein.Thenextstepistoadd,exercisesothatyoucanraisethenumberofcaloriesyoucanconsumeperday.
Exercisechartscanshowyouhowmanycaloriesdifferentformsofexercisecanburn.Burning250or500caloriesperdaycanmakeabigdifference.YoucanrideanexercisebikewhileyouarewatchingTVoryoucanclimbthestairsinsteadoftheelevator.Findanexercisepartner.Exercisecanbealoteasierifthereissomeonetotalkto.It'sagoodideatowearfirm-fittingclothesifyouareonadiet.tightclothingactsasareminderofwhatyouaretryingtoaccomplish.
3OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive
It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?
inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaivetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewmuchvials.Andthelast“official”stocksoflicevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,fornoobviousgain.
NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.
Howdowe_dealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?
SimpleKeepthevirusunderinternationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
4Diet,AlcoholLinkedtoNearlyOneThirdofCancers
Dietissecondonlytotobaccoasaleadingcauseofcancerand,alongwithalcohol,isresponsiblefornearlyonethirdofcasesofthediseaseindevelopedcountries,aleadingresearchersaidonTuesday.
Dr.TimKey,oftheUniversityofOxford,toldacancerconferencethatscientistsarestilldiscoveringhowcertainfoodscontributetocancer,buttheyknowthatdiet,alcoholandobesity.playamajorrole.
“Fivepercentofcancerscouldbeavoidedifnobodywasobese,”hesaid.
Whiletobaccoisblinkedtoabout30percentofcancercases,dietisinvolvedinanestimated25percentandalcoholinaboutsixpercent.
Obesityraisestheriskofbreast,womb,bowelandkidneycancer,whilealcoholisknowntocausecancersofthemouth,throatandliver,Itsdangerousimpactisincreasedwhencombinedwithsmoking.
KeytoldthemeetingofthecharityCancerResearchUKthatotherelementsofdietlinkedtocancerarestillunknownbutscientistsarehopingthattheEPICstudy,whichiscomparingthedietsof500,000peoplein10countriesandtheirriskofcancer,willprovidesomeanswers.
EarlyresultsofthestudyhaverevealedthatNorway,SwedenandDenmarkhavethelowestconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesamongEuropeancountrieswhileItalyandSpainhavethehighest.Eatingatleastfiveportionsoffruitandvegetablesadayisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcancer.
Key,principalscientistontheEPICstudy,saiditislookingatdietarylinkstosomeofthemostcommoncancersincludingcolorectal,breastandprostate.
5MenTooMaySufferfromDomesticViolence
Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimes,accordingtooneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen.
"Manymenactuallydoexperiencedomesticviolence,althoughwedon'thearaboutitoften,"Dr.RobertJ.ReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,oneofthestudy'sauthors,toldReutersHealth."Theyoftendon'ttell__and__wedon'task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolencethattheyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem"
Theresearchersaskedstudyparticipantsaboutphysicalabuseandnon-physicalabuse,suchasthreatsthatmadethemfearfortheirsafety,controllingbehavior(forexample,beingtoldwhotheycouldassociatewithandwheretheycouldgo),andconstantname-calling.
Amongmen18to54yearsold,14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartner__violenceinthepastfiveyears,while6.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear.
Rateswerelowerformen55andolder,with5.3percentreportingviolenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months.
Overall,30.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeenvictimsofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfoftheviolencethemenexperiencedwasphysical.
However,thephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn'tasharshasthatsufferedbywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrateditassevere,comparedto61percentofwomen
Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealthproblemsthanthosewhohadnot,especiallyoldermen,theresearchersfound.
*6Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatment
Bristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepillSometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.Malaria,tuberculosisandHIV/AIDS,2forexample,arealltreatedwithcombinationsofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbesimplerifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepill,takenjustonceaday.
Now,twocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejuststartingtreatmentforHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhavedevelopedasinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.3Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthemunderthenameofSustiva.4Gileadcombinedtheothers,EmtrivaandViread,intoasinglepillintwothousandfour.
Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethantechnicalissues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetitionifthedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultofwhatisdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV
InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine5publishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscompareditseffectivenessto6thatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivircontainstwodrugs,AZT7and3TC.8Theresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatment,thenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwithfewersideeffects.9Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallant