现在完成时语法讲解.docx
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现在完成时语法讲解
现在完成时(I)第八单元语法知识
定义:
(1)表示过去发生或已经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,这个影响和结果对现在还必须存在.常与already(已经),yet(已经,还),just(刚刚),ever(曾经),never等词连用.
already:
常用于肯定句或疑问句(均表示:
已经).
yet:
常用于否定句(表示:
还、尚),疑问句末尾(表示:
已经).
现在完成时的构成及句型结构:
(注:
过去分词的变化分规则变化与不规则变化,规则变化与动词原形变过去式一样,不规则变化见教材137页)
1.肯定句:
主语+have/has+过去分词+其他+时间.
eg:
Ihavealreadylostthekey.我已经弄丢了钥匙.(我现在没有钥匙)
Hehaseverreadthatbook.他曾经看过这本书.(了解书的内容)
Theyhavejustcleanedtheirhands.他们刚刚洗过手了.(手是干净的)
2.否定句:
主语+haven’t/hasn’t+过去分词+其他+时间.
eg:
Ihaven’tlostthekeyyet.
Hehasn’teverreadthatbook.
Theyhaven’tjustcleanedtheirhands.
3.一般疑问句:
Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间?
肯定回答:
Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答:
No,主语+haven’t/hasn’t.
eg:
Haveyoualreadylostthekey?
Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven’t.
Hasheeverreadthebook?
Yes,hehas.No,hehasn’t.
Havetheyjustcleanedtheirhands?
Yes,theyhave.No,theyhaven’t.
4.特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他+时间?
eg:
Whathaveyoualreadydone?
(done是do/does的过去分词)
Whathasheeverdone?
Whathavetheyjustdone?
定义:
(2)现在完成时表示从过去开始一直持续到现在还有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。
常与for,since引导的时间短语或从句连用.
for+表示一段时间的词组;since+过去某一时间点的词组或一般过去式的句子.
eg:
ShehaslearnedEnglishfor5years.(她已经学习五年英语了)
解释:
一直在学,持续了五年,并且还可能持续学下去.
HehaslivedinBeijingsincehewasborn.(自从他出生以后就居住在北京)
解释:
从出生后就一直住在北京,持续到现在,还有可能一直住下去)
Haveyoustayedheresince3o’clock?
(自从3点后你就一直呆在这儿吗?
)
例题:
选用for和since填空:
1.Wehaven’tseeneachother___alongtime.2.Hisfatherhasbeeninthefactory____10yearsago.
3.Thefilmhasbeenon____20minutes.4.Mr.Greenhasworkedhere_____hecametoChina.
5.Hisgrandparentshavebeendead_____severalyears.6.It’sfiveyears______wemetlasttime.
7.Ihavealreadyhaddinner.(否定)I______________dinner_______.
8.Mumhascookedthedinner.Mum_______________thedinner.
9.SusanhaslearnedEnglishatschool.Susan________________Englishatschool.
10.Ihavealreadyhaddinner.(提问)______________________________________?
11.Hehasjustfinishedhishomework._____________________________________?
12.SusanhaslearnedEnglishatschool._____________________________________?
13.Mumhascookedthedinner._______________________________________?
(3)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时属于现在时态的范围,不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,
lastnight,threeweeksago,in1990等.
一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。
一般过去时就可以和与表示过去的时间状语连用.
eg:
Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.(现在完成时,已经看了这部电影,并且知道电影的内容)
Isawthefilmlastweek.(一般过去式,因为后面有表示过去的时间状语lastweek)
Hehaslivedheresince1993.(现在完成时,后面有since引导的时间状语从句)
Helivedherein1993.(一般过去时,1993年住在这儿,现在没住在这儿了)
例题:
1._____you________(clean)theroom?
Yes,we__________(do)thatalready.
2.When_______you______(do)it?
We_______(do)itanhourago.
3.______he______(see)thisfilmyet?
Yes.4.When_____he_____(see)it?
He______itlastweek.
5.I_______(read)thenoveltwice.It’sinteresting.6.Mr.Chen_________(give)upsmokinglastyear.
7.She_____(go)toPairs,hasn’tshe?
Yes.How____she____(go)there?
She____(go)therebyair.
现在完成时(II)
构成:
含有be动词的现在完成时的谓语部分由“have/has+been+to+地点”构成,表示:
曾经去过某地…(been是be的过去分词,不规则变化)
1.基本句型:
(1)肯定句:
主语+have/has+been+to+地点.
eg:
IhavebeentoAustralia.
TheyhavebeentoBeijing.
HehasbeentoSouthAfrica.
(2)否定句:
主语+haven’t/hasn’t+been+to+地点.
eg:
Ihaven’tbeentoAustralia.
Theyhaven’tbeentoBeijing.
Hehasn’tbeentoSouthAfrica.
(3)一般疑问句:
Have/Has+主语+been+to+地点?
肯定回答:
Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答:
主语+haven’t/hasn’t.
eg:
HaveyoubeentoAustralia?
Yes,Ihave.No.Ihaven’t.
HavetheybeentoBeijing?
Yes,theyhave.No,theyhaven’t.
HashebeentoSouthAfrica?
Yes,hehas.No,hehasn’t.
(4)特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+been?
eg:
Wherehaveyoubeen?
Wherehavetheybeen?
Wherehashebeen?
3.用法:
用来表示之前已经发生和完成度的动作与状态,其结果却和现在有联系.动作和结果发生在过去,但它的影响现在还在.可以和never,ever,once,twice,three/four…times等副词连用.
eg:
TheyhavebeentoChongqingtwice.
IhaveneverbeentoSichuan.
HassheeverbeentoHainan?
2.区别:
(1).have/hasbeento+地点表示:
曾经去过某地,已经回来了
(2).have/hasgoneto+地点表示:
去了某地,还没有回来
eg:
ShehasbeentoShanghai.(她去过上海,已经回来了)
ShehasgonetoShanghai.(她去了上海,还没有回来)
(3).havebeenin表示“在某地呆了多少时间”,常与时间段状语连用
eg:
IhavebeeninShanghaiforthreeyears.我到上海已有三年了。
HehasbeeninLondonforhalfamonth.他来伦敦已有半个月了。
(4).havebeenon表示“已经开始了多久表示持续性”
eg:
Thefilmhasbeenonfortenminutes.电影已经开始了10分钟了。
例题:
1.—Whereisyourbrother?
—He__________theshop.He’llbebacksoon.
2.—_____youever_______toAmerica?
—Yes,I_______NewYorktwice.
3.—David___________Australia.—I’msurehehasalreadyarrived.
4.—IsBennyhere?
—No,he______theschoollibrary.Heleftfiveminutesago.
3.Mikeandhisparents__________thesouthforhalfayear.
6.Mumisnotathomenow.she_________theshop.
7.Youcan’tfindhim.He__________Xi’an.
8.Mr.Zhang__________thisschoolfortenyears.Heknowseveryonehere.
9.Miss.Brown__________Chinathreetimes.
10.I__________theWestlake,Look,Ihavetakenmanyphotosofit.
11.Tom___________Jim’shome,buthehasn’tcomeback.
12.We____________thebookshopandboughtmanybooks.
13.Myparents_________Shandongfortenyears.
现在完成时(III)
动词按其动作发生的方式,发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
1.延续性动词:
表示能够延续的动作,也可以表示经验与经历.
eg:
learn,work,stand,lie,walk,sleep,keep,wait,watch,sing,read,stay,live…
延续性动词可以与for和since引导的时间状语连用:
eg:
Hehaslivedherefor6years.
(他在这儿住了六年了,一直住在这儿,live是延续性动词,并且很有可能继续居住下去)
Ihaveknownhersincethen.
(自从那时起我就认识她了,一直都认识,know是延续性动词)
2.非延续性动词:
也成终止性动词或瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束.
eg:
open,close,begin,finish,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy,die…
非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的时间状语连用,常用的时间状语有twoyearsago,at5o’clock,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,thismorning等表示过去的时间.
eg:
Hisgrandmotherdied10yearsago.
Shefinishedtheworkat6o’clock.
2.非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换(常用)
(1).转化为相应的延续性动词,用于现在完成时态
eg:
borrow→keepbuy→haveputon→wear
gettoknow→knowgettosleep→sleepcatchacold→haveacold
(2).转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词”
eg:
begin/start→beongoout→beoutdie→bedead
open→beopengetto/arrivein(at)/reach→bein+地点
leave→beaway(from)finish→beoverfallill→beill
getup→beupfallasleep→beasleepjoin→bein+活动/组织
gotoschool→beinschoolbecome→bemakefriends→befriends
close→beclosedgotobed→beinbedcome/go→be+相应的介词短语
例:
下面是句子的同义句转换将原句一般过去时改成现在完成时
eg:
1.Theoldmandiedfouryearsago.(一般过去时)
Theoldmanhasbeendeadforfouryears.(现在完成时,将die变为bedead)
Theoldmanhasbeendeadsincefouryearsago.(现在完成时,since跟过去的时间点)
2.Iborrowedthebookfivedaysago.3.Heboughtthebikethreeyearsago.
Ihavekeptthebookforfivedays.Hehashadthebikeforthreeyears.
Ihavekeptthebooksincefivedaysago.Hehashadthebikesincethreeyearsago.
4.Shewenttoschooltwodaysago.5.Mysisterbecameanurseoneyearago.Shehasbeeninschoolfortwodays.Mysisterhasbeenanurseforoneyear.
Shehasbeeninschoolsincetwodaysago.Mysisterhasbeenanursesinceoneyear.
例题:
1.LiLeijoinedthePartythreeyearsago.(同义句)
LiLeithePartythreeyears.
LiLeithePartythreeyearsago.
2.MyfatherleftGuizhoulastweek.(同义句)
MyfatherGuizhouaweek.
MyfatherGuizhoulastweek.
3.Thefactoryopenedin1996.(同义句)
Thefactorytenyears.
Thefactorysince1996.
4.Mr.WangreachedBeijingfivedaysago.
Mr.WangBeijingfivedaysago.
Mr.WangBeijingfivedays.
5.Thefilmbegantenminutesago.
Thefilmfor.
Thefilmsince
6.Sheboughtthenewcarthreeyearsago.
She_______________thenewcar_______threeyears.
She_______________thenewcar________threeyearsago.
7.TheycametoChinatenyearsago.
They_______________China_____tenyears.
They_______________China_____tenyearsago.