英语论文文献综述描述研究现状.docx
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英语论文文献综述描述研究现状
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
Generaldescriptionsoftherelevantliterature:
AconsiderableamountofliteraturehasbeenpublishedonX.Thesestudies....
Thereisalargevolumeofpublishedstudiesdescribingtheroleof....
ThefirstseriousdiscussionsandanalysesofXemergedduringthe1970swith....
Thegeneralisabilityofmuchpublishedresearchonthisissueisproblematic.
WhatweknowaboutXislargelybaseduponempiricalstudiesthatinvestigatehow....
Duringthepast30yearsmuchmoreinformationhasbecomeavailableon....
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasingamountofliteratureon....
Alargeandgrowingbodyofliteraturehasinvestigated....
Generalreferencetopreviousresearch/scholarlyactivity(usuallymorethanoneauthor)
Manyhistorians havearguedthat ....(eg.Jones,1987;Johnson,1990;Smith,1994)
Numerousstudieshaveattemptedtoexplain....(forexample,Smith,1996;Kelly,1998;Johnson,2002)
Recentevidence suggests that....(Smith,1996;Jones1999;Johnson,2001)
Recently,invitrostudies haveshown thatT.thermophylusEFTucan....(Pateletal.,1997;Jonesetal.,1998).
SurveyssuchasthatconductedbySmith(1988) haveshownthat ....
Severalattempts havebeenmade to....(Smith,1996;Jones1999;Johnson,2001)
Severalstudies haverevealed thatitisnotjustXthatactson.....(Smith,1996;Jones....
SeveralbiographiesofHarris havebeenpublished.Smithpresentsan....account,whilstJones....
SeveralstudiesinvestigatingX havebeencarriedout on....
Datafromseveralsources haveidentified theincreasedmorbidityandmortalityassociatedwithobesity
Previousstudies havereported ....(Smith,1985;Jones,1987;Johnson,1992).
PreviousresearchfindingsintoX havebeen inconsistentandcontradictory (Smith,1996;Jones1999,....
Anumberofstudies havefound that....(Smith,2003;Jones,2004).
Twentycohortstudyanalyseshaveexaminedtherelationshipbetween....
Atleast152case-controlstudiesworldwidehaveexaminedtherelationshipbetween.....
Otherstudieshaveconsideredtherelationship....
TherelationshipbetweenXandY hasbeenwidelyinvestigated (Smith,1985;Jones,1987,....
ThecausesofXhavebeenwidely investigated (Jones,1987;Johnson,1990;Smith,1994).
ThegeologyofX hasbeenaddressed inseveralsmall-scaleinvestigationsand.....
Xs havebeenidentifiedas majorcontributingfactorsforthedeclineofmanyspecies
(1).
X hasalsobeenshown toreversetheanti-inflammatoryeffectsofglucocorticoidsinmurine-inducedarthritis(11).
Ithasbeensuggested thatlevelsofXareindependentofthesizeoftheY(Smithetal.,1995)
It has conclusivelybeenshownthat XandYincreaseZ(Smithetal.,1999;Jones,2001....
It hasbeendemonstrated thatahighintakeofXresultsindamageto....(Smith,1998;....
Referencetocurrentstateofknowledge
Arelationshipexistsbetweenanindividual'sworkingmemoryandtheirabilityto......(Jonesetal.,1998).
GMvarietiesofmaizeareabletocross-pollinatewithnon-GMvarieties(Smith,1998;Jones,1999).
Thereisanunambiguousrelationshipbetweenspendingoneducationandeconomicdevelopment(Rao,1998).
XisoneofthemostintensereactionsfollowingCHD(Lane,2003).
MIFhasbeenfoundtoopposetheanti-inflammatoryactionsofXonY(Alourfi,2004).
Referencetosingleinvestigationsinthepast:
researcher(s)assentencesubject
Smith(1999)
found that aslevelsofliteracyandeducationofthepopulationrise....
showed thatreducingXto190oCdecreased....(seefigure2).
demonstrated thatwhenthemaximumtemperatureisexceeded....
Jonesetal.(2001)
investigated thedifferentialimpactofformalandnon-formaleducationon....
analysed thedatafrom72countriesandconcludedthat....
reviewed theliteraturefromtheperiodandfoundlittleevidenceforthisclaim.
interviewed 250undergraduatestudentsusingsemi-structuredquestionnaires.
studied theeffectsofCytochromeP450onunprotectednervecells.
performed asimilarseriesofexperimentsinthe1960stoshowthat....
carriedout anumberofinvestigationsintothe....
conducted aseriesoftrials inwhich hemixedXwithdifferentquantitiesof....
measured bothcomponentsofthe....
labelled thesesubsetsas....
examined theflowofinternationalstudents....
identified parentsofdisabledchildrenas....
used asurveytoassessthevarious ....
Wangetal.(2004) haverecentlydeveloped amethodologyfortheselectiveintroductionof......
Referencetosingleinvestigationsorpublicationsinthepast:
timeframeprominent
In1975,Smithetal. published apaper inwhich theydescribed....
In1990Pateletal. demonstrated thatreplacementofH2Owithheavywaterledto....
Thirtyyearslater,Smith(1974) reported threecasesofCandidaAlbicanswhich....
Inthe1950sGunnarMyrdal pointedto someofthewaysinwhich….(Myrdal,1957)
In1981,Smithandcoworkers demonstratedthat Xinducedinvitroresistanceto....
In1990,El-Guerroujetal. reported anewandconvenientsyntheticproceduretoobtain....
In1984Jonesetal. made severalaminoacidestersofXandevaluatedthemaswater-solublepro-drugs.
Referencetosinglepublication:
notimeframe
Smithhaswrittenthemostcompletesynthesistodateof....
Smith(2003) drawsourattentionto distinctivecategoriesofmotivationalbeliefsoftenobservedin....
Smith(2003) defines evidencebasedmedicineastheconscious,explicitandjudicioususeof.....
Rao(2003) highlights theneedtobreakthelinkbetweeneconomicgrowthandtransportgrowth.....
Smith(2003) discusses thechallengesandstrategiesforfacilitatingandpromoting....
Toh(2003) mentions thespecialsituationofSingaporeasanexampleof....
Smith(2003) questions whethermainstreamschoolsarethebestenvironmentfor....
Smith(2003) considers whethercountriesworkwelloncross-borderissuessuchas....
Smith(2003) uses examplesofthesevarioustechniquesasevidencethat....
Inhermajorstudy,
Inherseminalarticle,
Inherclassiccritiqueof....,
Inhercasestudyof...,
Inherreviewof....,
Inheranalysisof....,
Inherintroductionto....,'
Smith(2004)identifiesfivecharacteristicsof.......
Someanalysts(e.g.Carnoy,2002)haveattemptedtodrawfinedistinctionsbetween....
Otherauthors(seeHarbison,2003;Kaplan,2004)questiontheusefulnessofsuchanapproach.
Referencetootherwriters'ideas(authorassubject)
Accordingto Smith(2003),preventativemedicineisfarmorecosteffective,andthereforebetteradaptedtothedevelopingworld.
Smith(2003)
pointsout
argues
maintains
claims
concludes
suggests
that
preventativemedicineisfarmorecosteffective,andthereforebetteradaptedtothedevelopingworld
Smith(2003)
arguesfor
offers
proposes
suggests
anexplanatorytheoryforeachtypeofirrationalbelief.
ThisviewissupportedbyJones(2000)whowrites....
SmitharguesthatherdatasupportO'Brien's(1988)viewthat....
AsSmithremindsus,....
Elsewhere,Smithhasarguedthat....
Somewaysofintroducingquotations
InthefinalpartoftheTheses,Marxwrites:
"Philosophershavehithertoonlyinterpretedtheworldinvariousways;thepoint...."
Sachsconcludes:
"Theideaofdevelopmentstandstodaylikearuinintheintellectuallandscape…"(Sachs,1992a:
156).
AsSmithargues:
"Inthepast,thepurposeofeducationwasto...."(Smith,2000:
150).
AsCarnoy(2004:
215)states:
"therearemanygoodreasonstobesceptical".
BeingCritical
Asanacademicwriter,youareexpectedtobecriticalofthesourcesthatyouuse.Thisessentiallymeansquestioningwhatyoureadandnotnecessarilyagreeingwithitjustbecausetheinformationhasbeenpublished.Beingcriticalcanalsomeanlookingforreasonswhyweshouldnotjustacceptsomethingasbeingcorrectortrue.Thiscanrequireyoutoidentifyproblemswithawriter'sargumentsormethods,orperhapstorefertootherpeople'scriticismsofthese.Constructivecriticismgoesbeyondthisbysuggestingwaysinwhichapieceofresearchorwritingcouldbeimproved.
......beingagainstisnotenough.Wealsoneedtodevelophabitsofconstructivethinking.EdwarddeBono
Introducingquestions,problemsandlimitations(theory)
Onequestionthatneedstobeasked,however,iswhether......
Aseriousweaknesswiththisargument,however,isthat......
Oneofthelimitationswiththisexplanationisthatitdoesnotexplainwhy....
OnecriticismofmuchoftheliteratureonXisthat......
Thekeyproblemwiththisexplanationisthat......
TheexistingaccountsfailtoresolvethecontradictionbetweenXandY.
However,thereisaninconsistencywiththisargument.
Smith'sargumentreliestooheavilyonqualitativeanalysisof......
ItseemsthatJones'understandingoftheXframeworkisquestionable.
Smith'sinterpretationoverlooksmuchofthehistoricalresearch......
OnemajorcriticismofSmith'sworkisthat.....
ManywritershavechallengedJones'claimonthegroundsthat.......
X'sanalysisdoesnottakeaccountof.....nordoesheexamine......
Introducingquestions,problemsandlimitations(method/practice)
AnotherproblemwiththisapproachisthatitfailstotakeXintoaccount.
Perhapsthemostseriousdisadvantageofthismethodisthat.....
Difficultiesarise,however,whenanattemptismadetoimplementthepolicy.
Nevertheless,thestrategyhasnotescapedcriticismfromgovernments,agenciesandacademics.
Onemajordrawbackofthisapproachisthat......
Themainlimitationofbiosyntheticincorporation,however,is......
However,thismethodofanaly