William Faulkner 威廉 福克纳.docx

William Faulkner 威廉 福克纳.docx

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WilliamFaulkner威廉福克纳

WilliamFaulkner威廉福克纳

（1897—1962）

WilliamFaulknerrankswithErnestHemingwayasoneoftheleadingAmericanauthorsoftheTwentiethCentury。

Faulkner，likeRobertFrost,wasaregionalist，whospentmostofhislifeinasmall,particularareaoftheUnitedStates，writingaboutthescenesandpeopleheknewbest.Faulkner'sregionwastheDeepSouth,withitsbitterhistoryofslavery，civilwaranddestruction。

HeinventedacountyandatowninhisimaginationverysimilartohisownpartofMississippi，andhewroteaboutthesocietyintheSouthbyinventingfamilieswhichrepresenteddifferentsocialforces:

theold，decayingupperclass;therising,ambitious，unscrupulousclassof“poorwhites”；andtheNegroeswholaboredforbothofthem。

MostofhisstoriestakeplaceinthisimaginaryYoknapatawphaCounty,andconcernmembersofthesamefamiliesatdifferenttimesinhistory。

他的多数故事都发生在他构想的Yoknapatawpha县，他笔下的人物不是一次写完,同一人物会在几本书中，在不同历史时期反复出现。

这显然加深了人物的开掘，使其具有历史的深广度。

HisLife。

WilliamFaulknerwasbornintheDeepSouth，theoldestoffourbrothers.HisfatherwasthebusinessmanagerfortheStateUniversityinOxford,Mississippi，whereFaulknerspentmostofhislife。

Hisfamilycamefromtheold，whiteupperclass。

Thoughindeclineinthe20thcentury，thefamilyretainedsomeoftheoldcustoms。

FalknerwasbroughtupbyablacknursewhomhecalledMammieCally,whotoldhimmanystoriesrememberedfromthetimeofslavery。

Faulknerwasanimaginativeboy。

TherewasnopubliclibraryinOxford,buttherewereplentyofEnglishclassicsathome，whichhereadatrandom.Hedislikedschoolanddroppedoutaftertwoyearsofhighschool。

ThepeopleofOxfordconsideredhimawastrel。

（awastefulorworthlessperson）

Twoneighborshadadecisiveinfluenceonhim.HefellinlovewithayoungneighbornamedEstelle，and,hopingtogetmarriedoneday，hetookarespectablejobinabank.Anotherneighbor，PhilipStone（菲尔，斯多）,foundyoungFaulknerunusuallyintelligent，andtookchargeofhisreading。

StonegavehimbookswhichwereunknowninOxford，Mississippi，includingthe19thCenturyFrenchsymbolistwriterswhohaddeeplyinfluencedEzraPoundandT.S。

Eliot.FaulknertaughthimselftoreadFrenchatnight，whileheworkedinthebankbyday.

In1918，whenFaulknerwas21yearsold，EstellemarriedanothermanandwenttoliveinAsia。

Heartbroken,FaulknerleftMississippiandenlistedintheCanadianAirForce,hopingtofightintheFirstWorldWar。

However,thewarendedbeforehehadfinishedhisbasictraininginToronto.Hewenthomeandrestlesslyworkedatonejobafteranother，writingpoemsinhissparetime.Heendedupasthepostmaster（personinchargeofapostoffice）inhishometownofOxford。

HisneighborMr。

Stoneencouragedhimtokeepwriting，andevensuppliedthemoneytogetthepoemspublished。

In1925,hetookajobwithanewspaperinNewOrleans，themostimportantcityintheSouthatthattime。

HejoinedaliterarycirclewhichcenteredaroundSherwoodAnderson，andwithAnderson'sencouragementhewrotehisfirstnovel（Soldier’sPay1926），aboutawoundedairforcepilot。

AndersonarrangedtogetthenovelpublishedandFaulkner，likenearlyeveryotheryoungAmericanwriterinthe1920’s,thenmadehiswaytoParis.Hewasveylonelythere，however,andwhenhereceivedthefirstmoneyfromthesaleofhisnovel，heboughtatickethome。

Thenovelwasnotpopular,andFaulknerdidnotmakemuchmoneyfromit.BackinMississippi，heworkedonceagainatmanydifferentjobswhilehewroteasecondnovelinhissparetime。

（Mosquitoes，1927）

ThisnovelwasasatireabouttheNewOrleansliterarycircle。

Faulknerwasasolitarymanwhowroteinisolation。

Hecriticizedtalkative,self-importantwriterswhowereeasilyinfluencedbycurrentfashionsinliterature。

Faulknerwrotefiercelyandconstantly，givingeverypoemandstorytoMr。

Stone,whotriedinvaintofindpublishersforthem.Inthe1920's,veyfewpeoplewantedtoreadthekindofthingshewaswriting。

Hewroteanothernovelandwhenit，too,wasrejected，hedecidedthathisworkwouldneverbepublishedagain。

Inawaythisrealizationliberatedhim。

Suchatrueartistashe，thatitonlyenconcouragedhimtowritemore,exactlyashewanted，unbotheredbythoughtsofwhatthepublicmightlike.

FaulknerrewrotetherejectednovelunderthetitleSartoris（1929），andatthesametimewroteanewoneTheSoundandtheFury，hisfirstmasterpiece.Tohisgreatsurprise，bothofthemwerepublishedin1929，andalthoughveyfewcopieswereboughtbythepublic，reviewsbyliterarycriticspraisedthemhighly。

Inthesameyear，EstellecamebackfromAsia，havingdivorcedherhusband，andshemarriedFaulkner。

Heboughtadeserted，ruinedmansion，builtbeforetheCivilWar,whichhebegantorepairwithhisownhammerandsaw,andsettleddowntobeafulltimeauthor.

From1930to1942,Faulknerwashugelyproductive。

Hewrotetwocollectionsofshortstories,avolumeofpoetryandninenovels。

他完成了两部短篇小说集,一本诗集，还有九部小说。

Evenso，hecouldnotearnenoughmoneytoliveinthoseDepressionyears，becausehisbooksweredifficulttoread。

Theliterarycriticsalsoturnedagainsthim，blaminghimforconcentratingtoonarrowlyonSouthernsubjects，andforwritinginacomplicated，highlyoriginalstyle。

Undeterred，hetookajobwritingfilmscriptsforHollywoodatalowbutsteadysalary（justasF。

ScottFitzgeraldwasdoingatthattime）andcontinuedtowritehisownbooks。

Faulknerbelievedthateverywritershouldinventhisownstyleandmethod，asHemingwayhaddone，andcontinuetoexperiment。

Forinstance,inhisearlybook，TheSoundandtheFury,heusedatechniquecalled“streamofconsciousness",inwhichthewholestorywastoldthroughthethoughtsofonecharacter。

Later,heusedthesametechniquebutexploreditsutmostpossibilitiesbyputtingthethoughtsintothemindofalunatic。

（apersonwhoismentallyill）Hewaswillingtotaketheriskofmakingmistakes,whichhesometimesdid,andlearningfromhismistakes.In1936,hisnovelAbsalom,Absalom！

（押沙龙,押沙龙！

），nowconsideredoneofhisbest，wasmostscathinglyreviewed（harshlycriticized）,andhisreadersbegantofallaway。

Bytheearly1940's，Faulknerwasmoreorlessforgottenbythepublic，althoughhisworkwasintenselyadmiredbyseveralotherAmericannovelists，andhisbooksweregreatlyappreciatedinFrance,wheretheyhadbeenverywelltranslated.

Duringhisgreatproductiveperiodofthe1930's，FaulknerbeganwritingaboutanimaginaryplaceintheDeepSouthcalledYoknapatawphaCounty（约克那帕特法县），withitsmaintownwhichcloselyresembledOxford，Mississippi.Heinventeditsgeography,itshistoryanditspeoplesopreciselythatitseemedlikearealplacetohisreadersandtohimself.Faulknerdidnotlayoutaplanforhiscycle（series）ofYoknapatawphabooks,asJohnGalsworthyinEnglandandEmileZolainFrancehadplannedtheirs。

Instead，Faulkner’slegendsimplygrew，bookbybook。

Familysagas（longstories）developedinsidethelargercyclethroughseveralbooks,coveringthehistoryoftwoprincipalfamiliesinYokanpatawphaCounty。

OnewastheSartorisfamily，whichhadbelongedtotherulingclassofslave-ownersbeforethecivilwar，butwhichdeterioratedinthe20thcenturybecauseitcouldnotadapttonewconditions。

Astheoldleadershipdiedout，powerwasseizedbyanewclassofpoor—whiteup-starts，symbolizedbytheunscrupulousSnopesfamily。

Theywerescornedandfearedbytheeffete（衰老的）Sartorisclan.Otherstoriesaboutlife,pastandpresent,inYoknapatawphaCountyfilledoutthisextraordinarilydiverse，imaginativebodyofwork。

Faulknerstartedasecondrisetofame，higherthanthefirst,in1945，when,attheinsistenceofotherwriters，aNewYorkpublishinghouseissuedThePortableFaulkner，whichpresentedtheYoknapatawphastoriesinhistoricalorder。

ManynoveliststooktheopportunitytowriteexplanatoryessaysandthepublicbegantoreadFaulkneragain。

Hisbookswerestudiedwithgreatcarebyscholarsandacademiccritics,andanever-growingstreamofessaysanddissertationsonFaulkner'sworkbegantopouroutofAmericanuniversities。

Hisnextnovel,IntruderInTheDust（1948），wasasuccessandsowashisnextcollectionofshortstories。

In1950，hereceivedbothAmerica’shighestliteraryawardandtheNobelPrizeforLiterature。

Againsthisprivate,solitarynature，Faulknerbecameawell—knownpublicfigure。

HewassentabroadbytheStateDepartmenttogivelecturesinSouthAmerica，EuropeandJapan。

Inhislastperiodofwriting，inthelate1950’s,FaulknercompletedhiscycleofstoriesaboutYoknapatawphaCounty。

Thecountybecameapleasanterplaceinhisimagination，andheexpressedamoretolerantviewofhumannature,evenchanginghisopinionaboutsomeofthecharacterswhohadappearedinhisearlierbooks“Because"hesaid，“Iknowthembetternow。

"hislastbook,TheRievers（1962）wasacomedyaboutboyhood。

ItwaspublishedandwidelyacclaimedonlyamonthbeforehisdeathinOxford,Mississippi。

FaulknerdiedjustoneyearafterHemingway，andsopassedawayAmerica’stwomostremarkablemodernwriters.

HisStyle。

Faulknerusedaremarkablerangeoftechniques，themesandtonesinhisfiction.Hisstylisticinnovationswereoftenadaptedfromtheexperimentsofothermodernwriters，whichhethenusedinhisownway。

Hisbooksaresometimesdifficulttoread，andneedclosestudybythereader.Hisworksaredistinguishedbycomplexplots，sometimesextendingoverseveralnovelsinwhichthesamecharactersappear。

Theheroofonestorymayappearasaminorcharacterinanother。

Hesuccessfullyadvancedtwomodernliterarytechniques：

stream-of—con