积极心理学英文课件chapter10 positive interpersonal relationships知识讲稿.pptx

积极心理学英文课件chapter10 positive interpersonal relationships知识讲稿.pptx

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Chapter10PositiveInterpersonalRelationships,Background,Thecapacitytoloveandtobelovedisviewedbycontemporarytheoristsasaninherentlyhumantendencywithpowerfuleffectsonwell-beingfrominfancythrougholdage.,Biochemicalbasisoflove,Oxytocin-cuddlehormoneOxytocinisassociatedwiththeneurotransmitterdopamine,whichisbroadlyresponsibleforreinforcement,pleasure,andaddiction.-”addictedtolove”Ourbiologyteachesusthatrelationshipsinandofthemselvesmatters.,Socialpsychologist,ZickRubin,Thelikescaleandthelovingscale:

ThelikingitemsreflectsonespositiveevaluationofanotherpersonThelovingitemsreflectonesemotionalattachment.Romanticlovecouldbestudiedwiththesortsofmethodsusedbypsychologiststoinvestigateothertopics.,HarryHarlow,StudiesofbabymonkeysSocialbondsreflectmorethanthesatisfactionofphysiologicalneeds.,IIEquityTheory,Equitytheorysuggeststhatcloserelationships-friendshipsorromances-persisttothedegreethatbothpeopleinvolvedbelievethatwhattheyaregettingoutoftherelationshipisproportionaltowhattheyareputtingintoit.Equitytheoryassumesthatpeoplecalculatethecostsandbenefitsinvolvedininteractingwithothers.Itisaneconomictheoryanddrawsourattentiontothekindsofthingsthatpeoplegivetoandreceivefromanother.,Interpersonalresourceslists,GoodsInformationLoveMoneyServicesStatus,Socialsupport:

howothershelpustocopewithstressfulevents?

AppraisalsupportEmotionalsupportInformationalsupportInstrumentalsupport,Socialsupport,Itisworthemphasizingthatnotanyoldsupportwilldo.Rather,socialsupportisprotectivewhenitoccursinthecontextofanaturallyoccurringsocialnetworkintowhichtheindividualiswellintegrated.Realsocialsupportisprovidedinamutuallycaringrelationship.,IIEquityTheory,Equitytheoryalsopredictsthatwhenpeopleinarelationshiparemismatchedononedimension,likephysicalattractiveness,thenthereneedstobeacompensatingmismatchonanotherdimension,likeoccupationalsuccess.,IIEquityTheory,Proves:

Studiesinavarietyofculturesshowthatmenplacemoreemphasisonyouthandphysicalattractiveness,whereaswomentendtobevalueindustriousnessandtheaccumulationofresources.,IIEquityTheory,Limits:

itisnotpossibletoexplainloveinallofitsform.Suchasselflessloveoractsofaltruism.Interpersonalrelationshipsexistontwolevel.Individualsinafriendshiporromancemustsacrificesomeoftheirownrewardsforthegoodoftheirpartners,thentherelationshipcanbeinterpretedasagenuineone.Itfailsmostprofoundlybecauseitignoresthefeelingsthatpeoplebringtotheirrelationships.,IIAttachmentTheory,Attachmenttheoryemphasizesthefeelingsthatbindustogether.BritishpsychiatristJohnBowlbyReportsonthementalhealthofchildrenwhohadbeenorphanedbyWorldWarII.,Whyshouldtheabsenceofanemotionalattachmenthavesuchprofoundeffectsonwell-being?

EthologyKonradLorenz,imprintingamonggoslingsHarryHarlow,bondinginrhesusmonkeysTheyoungofmanyspecies,whoaretooimmatureatbirthtocareforthemselves,haveanevolvedpredispositiontobecomeattachedtoanadultcaregiver.,IIAttachmentTheory,Thecoreofattachmenttheoryisthepropositionthatattachmentenhancessurvivalbyregulatinganinfantsrelationshipandproximitytohiscaregiver.Bowlbyproposedthatthisattachmentsystemoperatesthroughoutthelifespan,fromthecradletothegrave.,Someconsensussummary,Withinthefirsthourfollowingbirth,infantsaremorelikelytotrackwiththeireyesamovingstimulusthatlookslikeafacethantheyaretotracksimilarbutnonface-likestimuli.,Someconsensussummary,Withinafewmonthsofbirth,thehumaninfantstartstodiscriminateherprimarycaretakersfromothers.Sherespondsdifferentlytofamiliarpeople,smilingandvocalizingintheirpresence,andbeingmoreeasilycomfortedbythem.,Someconsensussummary,Afterabout6or7months,athirdperiodisentered,wherethechildshowsastrongattachmenttoasingleindividual,usuallythemotherbutnotinevitably.Activelyseekingcontactwiththepersontowhomsheisattached.,Strangesituationtest,PsychologistAinsworth,Strangesituationtest,Ainsworth（1973）describedthreedifferentpatternsofbehaviorinthesecircumstances.Avoidantchildren（20%）:

donotcrywhentheirmotherleavesandeitherignoreherorturnawayuponherreturn.Securelyattachedchildren（70%）:

seekingandmaintainingcontactwiththeirmother.Ambivalentchildren（10%）:

crywhentheirmotherleavesbutarenotcomfortedwhenshereturns.,Strangesituationtest,Childrenwhosemothersaresupportiveandaffectionateindealingwiththemshowthesecurelyattachedpattern.Motherswhoarecriticalandrejectingproduceavoidantorambivalentinfants.,Strangesituationtest,Whateverpatternisestablishedhaslastingeffectsonhowthechi