国际贸易实务.docx

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国际贸易实务

国际贸易实务(英文版)InternationalTradePractice

Chapterone

1Whydonationsconducttradewithoneanother?

答:

Anationconductsinternationaltradebecause:

ithastheproductsandresourcesthatexceeditsdomesticdemand;

itwantstogetmoreeconomicbenefitsinalargerinternationalmarketthanwhatcanbegainedindomesticmarket;itwantstowinpoliticalsupport;oritneedstosatisfydifferenttastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatternsamongitspeople.

2Howmanyformsareadoptedintheprocessofnegotiation?

Businessnegotiationscanbeconductedintwoforms:

inwords,i.e.face-to-facenegotiationornegotiationthroughtelephone,andinwriting,i.e.businesscorrespondencewhichincludesletters,faxes,e-mails,telexes,etc.Whateverischosenforthenegotiationofacontract,fourmainstepsaregenerallyfollowedbeforeacontractisconcluded:

enquiry,offer,counter-offerandacceptance.

Chaptertwo

IIIExplainthefollowingterms

1shipmentcontract

答:

ShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.

2symbolicdelivery

Symbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.

3arrivalcontract

ArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.

4actualdelivery

Actualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.

IV.Shortquestions

1Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?

答:

Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermsseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermssellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarrivethedestination.

 

2WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?

答:

Majorsimilarities:

a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.c.Sellermustobtaininsuranceagainstbuyer’srisk.Difference:

a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller’sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspassovertheship’srail.

 

3WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?

答:

Seller.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.

4IfaChinesetradersignsaFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?

答:

Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha“namedportofshipment”,ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader’sperspective,heisimporting.

V.CaseStudies

1.(变形)AnFOBcontractstipulated,"TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008.Ifthevesselfailstoarriveattheportofshipmentontime,theselleragreestosetasidethegoodsforadditional27days,andthebuyerwillbearallcostsofdelay."itturnedoutthatundertheseller'srepeatedrequests,thevesselnamedbythebuyerfinallyarrivedattheportofshipmentonMay1.Asaresult,thesellerrefusedtomaketheshipment.

(1)Wasthesellerentitledtocompensationforthewarehouserent,insuranceandinterestduetothedelay?

(2)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonApril25,shouldthebuyerpayforthedelay?

(3)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonMay1withabetterprice,washeentitledtoanycompensation?

析:

a案例中提到“shipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。

也即是说,装运的最后期限为08年3月31日。

b文中提到的“additional27days”,根据合同卖方同意在买方船期延误的情况下为其将货物保留到4月27日。

(1)答案:

Yes。

答题切入点:

aFOB术语关于双方费用划分的规定;b合同本身的条款规定。

(2)答案:

No。

答题切入点:

合同本身的条款规定。

(3)这题与第一题相比,不同的一点在于“withabetterprice”。

解答时应对这一点进行分析:

在卖方卖出货物获得更高利润的情况下,他是否还应获得相关赔偿?

答案:

Yes。

答题切入点:

合同本身的条款规定。

4.(日期变形)AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.The$1millioncontractstipulated,"ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2008.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlost$700,000.

(1)Wasthe"arrivaldate"clauseconsistentwithCIFtermunderIncoterms2000?

(2)Whattradetermisproperfortheobligationconcerningarrivaltime?

析:

卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间,因此买方拒收货物。

从表面上看,似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上,但如果仔细分析就会发现,该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。

合同用的是CIF术语,卖方在货过船舷时风险就转移。

卖方既不承担运输途中的风险,也不保证货物是否能抵达目的港。

CIF合同本质上是一个“shipmentcontract”。

但加上一条保证到岸时间的条款后,合同的性质发生了变化:

它变成了一个“arrivalcontract”。

也就是说,在货物按时抵达目的港之前的一切风险都由卖方承担,否则卖方就是违约。

(1)答案:

No.

答题切入点:

aCIF术语对双方风险及义务的划分,点出“shipmentcontract”这一概念;b解释“arrivaldate”clause对合同性质的改变。

(2)答案:

DES。

答题切入点:

对比两个术语在义务、费用划分上的相似程度。

Chapterthree

IIIExplainthefollowingterms

1inquiry

答:

Aninquiryistheactofapotentialclientaskingforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingacertaincommodity.

2offer

答:

Anofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.

IVShortquestions

1Whatarethefourcomponentsofthestandardformofaprice?

答:

Acodeofcurrency,anumber,aunitandatradeterm.

2Whatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweencommissionanddiscount?

答:

Similarities:

Bothcommissionanddiscountareusedasincentivetopromotetransactions.

Differences:

a.Commissionpaymentisanadd-upontopoftheoriginalprice,whilediscountareduction;b.Commissionmainlyappliestotransactionswhichinvolvemiddlepersonoragent.Discountcanbeusedwithoutparticularprerequisites.

V.CaseStudies

1.ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD100percaseCIFNewYork".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldbeAC'snewoffer?

A:

CFR=CIFx(1-UxR)=USD100x(1-110%x1.05%)=USD98.845

CRFC5=CFR/(1-C%)=USD98.845/(1-5%)=USD104.047

AC’snewofferwouldbe“USD104.047percaseCFRC5%NewYork”.

2Thepricequotedbyanexporterwas"USD450percaseFOBShanghai".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldbethenewprice?

A:

CFR=FOB+F=450+50=USD500

CIF=CFR/(1-UxR)=500/(1-110%x0.8%)=500/0.9912=USD504.44

Thenewofferwouldbe“USD504.44percaseCIFAuckland”.

Chapterfour

III.Calculation

CompanyChasacontracttoexport10metrictonsofSeafood,tobepackedincartonseachof40lb.(1lb=0.45358kg),witha5%moreorlessallowedbothinquantityandinamount.

1HowmanycartonsofSeafoodcanCompanyCdeliveratmost?

2HowmanycartonsofSeafoodshouldCompanyCdeliveratleast?

解:

1lb=0.45358kgso40lb=18.144kg

Maximum:

[10×1000kg×(1+5%)]/18.144

=578.7(Attention:

0.7shouldbedeletedhere)

=578cartons

Minimum:

[10×1000kg×(1-5%)]/18.144

=523.6(Attention:

0.6shouldbeaddedhere)

=524cartons

Answer:

1)Atmost,CompanyCcandeliver578cartonsofSeafood.

2)Atleast,CompanyCshoulddeliver524cartons.

IVExplainthefollowingterms

1qualitylatitude

答:

Qualitylatitudemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.

2qualitytolerance

答:

Qualitytolerancereferstothequalitydeviationrecognized(e.g.bysomeindustry),whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.

3moreorlessclause

答:

“Moreorlessclause”referstothestipulationconstitutingpartofthequantityclauseinthecontractthatallowsthesellertodeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentageofmoreorlessinquantityaccordingly.Theuseof“moreorlessclause”isforthesakeofefficient.

4F.A.Q.

答:

F.A.Q.istheabbreviationof“fairaveragequality”F.A.Q.isakindofstandardusedtoindicatethatthequalityoftheproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.).

VI.CaseStudies

1ABeijingcompanysignedacontracttoimportwoolfromAustralia.Thequantitywasspecifiedas“20M/T”.Whenthewoolwasdelivered,ithadaregainof33%.

(1)Whatisaregain?

(2)Whydidthebuyergetabaddeal?

(3)Ifthestandardregainis10%,andactualregainis33%,whatistheconditionedweight?

析:

本题的解题要点:

a.文中提到合同约定的数量是“20MT”,应理解为净重。

因为计算重量的方法有毛重,净重,公量等,而根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十六条,如果价格是按货物的重量规定的,如有疑问,应按净重确定。

b.合同商品的羊毛,具有较强的吸湿性,其所含的水分受客观环境的影响较大,故其重量很不稳定。

为了准确计算这类商品的重量,国际贸易中买卖双方通常会约定标准(公定)回潮率,采用按公量计算的办法。

(1)答案:

回潮是指货物(纤维材料)在环境温度下吸湿含水的现象。

回潮率则是指货物(纤维材料)含水重量占货物(纤维材料)干重的百分比

答题的切入点:

回潮(率)的概念

(2)答案:

买方这笔交易不划算。

因为合同中没有明确规定计算重量的方法,只能按净重计算。

因此当卖方实际交货的羊毛,因具有较强的吸湿性而其所含的水分高达33%是,买方也别无他法,只得按净重(连带33%的水分)计算付款。

∵ConditionedWeight=DriedNetWeightx(1+StandardRegain)

1+StandardRegainReRegain

1+ActualRegain

=NetWeightx

∴DriedNetWeight=NetWeight/

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