英语二真题及答案.docx

英语二真题及答案.docx

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英语二真题及答案

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2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

（二）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.But

thatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplorationofcyber-crimethathas__1__acrosstheWeb.

seemsthattoaworldpreserved__2__bringingsafetyandsecurityCanprivacybe

increasingly__3__?

agovernmentofferedthefederalHowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,Lastmonth,

thebethatwouldplace-avoluntarytrustedidentitysystem__4__tomakethewebasafer

high-tech__5__ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled__6__one.The

systemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential__7__toaspecificcomputer,and

wouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto__8__afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Userscould__9__which

systemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigate

licenseInternetdriver'sthatwouldrequireanonethosesystems.Theapproachcontrastswith

__10__bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethesesinglesign-ansystems

thatmakeitpossibleforusersto__11__justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

safecyberspace,withwalledgardenin,__12__theapproachwouldcreatea

eighborhoodsandbrightstreetlightstoestablishasenseofa__13__community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasavoluntaryecosysteminwhichindividualsandorganizations

theandofeachotherwith__14__,trustingtheidentitiescompletecanonlinetransactions

identitiesoftheinfrastructure___15___whichthetransactionruns.

theapplaudactivists.Someplanhas___16___privacyrightsStill,theadministration's

approach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhat

would___17___beacompulsoryInternetdriver'slicensementality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith___18__bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworry

thatthevoluntaryecosystemenvisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet

__19__TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe__20__toregisterandidentifythemselves,in

thesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

[D]ridden[C]walked[B]skipped1.[A]swept

[D]though[B]within[C]while2.[A]for

[D]helpless[C]pointless[B]lawless3.[A]careless

[D]proposal[B]reminder[C]compromise4.[A]reason

[D]equivalent[C]entertainment5.[A]information[B]interference

[D]over[B]into[C]from6.[A]by

[D]compared[C]chained7.[A]linked[B]directed

[D]improve8.[A]dismiss[B]discover[C]create

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9.[A]recall[B]suggest[C]select[D]realize

[D]delivered10.[A]released[C]distributed[B]issued

[D]login11.[A]carryon[C]setin[B]lingeron

[D]Incontrast[B]Ineffect12.[A]Invain[C]Inreturn

[D]competing13.[A]trusted[B]modernized[C]thriving

[D]patience[B]delight14.[A]caution[C]confidence

[D]across[B]after15.[A]on[C]beyond

[D]united[C]protected16.[A]divided[B]disappointed

[D]eventually[C]occasionally17.[A]frequently[B]incidentally

[D]enthusiasm[C]indifference18.[A]skepticism[B]tolerance

[D]invisible[C]vulnerable[B]defendable19.[A]manageable

[D]forced

[C]allowed20.[A]invited[B]appointed

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayear

apparentlyshethedecadeForBrownUniversity.therestoflatershebecamepresidentof

managedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Mrs.Simmonswas

thosehaveletcommittee;howcouldshecompensationunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman's

enormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?

ByFebruarythenextyearMrs.Simmonshadleftthe

board.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.

enoughhaveelsewhere,theypresumablytheirHavingmadetheirwealthandreputations

independencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,is

ownweatheredtheiradvicegivebasedonhavingbefalling,outsidedirectorsshouldableto

crises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firms

checkedsimplythey1989betweenand2004.Thendirectors64,000moreandthandifferent

whichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordeparting

aboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthosesurprisedisappearancesbydirectors

undertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompany

willsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamed

inafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffect

tendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequent

badperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumping

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offasinkingship.Oftentheyradeup,leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestable

firms.

Buttheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowto

theirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowsthat

theywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutside

directorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.Otherwiseoutsidedirectorswill

followtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor__________________.

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe

__________________.

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprise

departure,thefirmislikelyto__________________.

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors__________________.

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis__________________.

[A]permissive[B]positive

[C]scornful[D]critical

Text2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?

Ayearagotheendseemednear.The

recessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.

NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederal

TradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecome

charitablecorporations?

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.But

thediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshrugged

offtherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeroftheglobal

industry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwere

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routineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.The

AmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.

Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedelivery

todistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformany

journalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfrom

readersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.

Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationfor

EconomicCooperation&Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,

Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamage

hasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewers

havegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagely

cutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthe

newspaperbusiness.

26.BysayingNewspaperslike…theirowndoom（Line3,Para.1）,theauthorindicatesthat

newspapers________________.

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause

________________.

[A]readersthreatenedtopayl