chapter6 pragmatics.docx

chapter6 pragmatics.docx

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chapter6pragmatics

 Chapter6：

Pragmatics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication

2.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.

3.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.

4.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.

5.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.

6.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.

7.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.

8.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences

9.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.

10.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.

11.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.

12.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.

II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

13.P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

14.Whatessentiallydistinguishess_______andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.

15.Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.

16.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu___________.

17.Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontextualized.

18.C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.

19.P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.

20.Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.

21.Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

22.Ac_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.

23.Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.

24.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:

themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

25._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.

A.Pragmatics        B.Semantics

C.Senserelation     D.Concept

26.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics.

A.contextual         B.behaviouristic

C.intrinsic            D.logical

27.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.

A.reference            B.speechact

C.practicalusage    D.context

28.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.

A.pragmatic          B.grammatical

C.mental               D.conceptual

29.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa（n）_________.

A.constative         B.directive

C.utterance          D.expressive

30.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.

B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.

C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.

D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.

31.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.

A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury

B.intheearly1950’s

C.inthelate1960’s

D.intheearly21stcentury.

32.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

A.Alocutionaryact           B.Anillocutionaryact

C.Aperlocutionaryact         D.Aperformativeact

33.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.

A.togetthehearertodosomething

B.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase

C.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction

D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.

34.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.

A.intheirillocutionaryacts　　　　　B.intheirintentionsexpressed

C.intheirstrengthorforce　　　　　D.intheireffectbroughtabout

35.__________isadvancedbyPaulGrice

A.CooperativePrinciple                                       B.PolitenessPrinciple

C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar      D.AdjacencyPrinciple

36.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.

A.impoliteness            B.contradictions

C.mutualunderstanding       D.conversationalimplicatures

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

37.pragmatics           38.context       39.utterancemeaning

40.sentencemeaning     41.constative     42.performative

43.locutionaryact         44.illocutionaryact

45.perlocutionaryact     46.CooperativePrinciple

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?

48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?

49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?

50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemindetailwithexamples.

52.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?

53.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?

54.WhichoftheConversationalMaximsisbeigviolatedinthefollowingconversation.

A:

Isheagoodteacher?

B:

Heisaveryhandsomebachelor.

55.Whatarethesamenessandthedifferencebetweenthefollowingfiveutterances?

（1）WillJohnleavetheroom?

（2）Johnwillleavetheroom.

（3）John,leavetheroom.（4）WouldthatJohnlefttheroom?

（5）IfJohnleavestheroom,Iwillleavealso.

Chapter6Pragmatics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.F   2.F   3.T   4.T   5.F   6.F   7.F   8.F   9.F   10.T   11.T   12.F

II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

13.Pragmatics   14.semantics   15.context   16.utterance   17.abstract

18.Constatives   19.Performatives   20.locutionary   21.illocutionary

22.commissive   23.expressive   24.quantity

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

25.A   26.C   27.D   28.B   29.C   30.B

31.A   32.C   33.B   34.C   35.A   36.D

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

37.pragmatics:

Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

38.Context:

Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeak-erandthehearer.Thesharedknowledgeisoftwotypes:

theknowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,andtheknowledgeabouttheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesitu-ationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.

39.utterancemeaning:

themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

40.sentencemeaning:

Themeaningofasentenceisof-tenconsideredastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.

41.Constative:

Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifi-able;

42.Performative:

performatives,ontheotherhand,weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularspeechact.

43.locutionaryact:

Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonol-ogy.

44.illocutionaryact:

Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.

45.perlocutionaryact:

Aperlocutionaryactistheactper-formedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.

46.CooperativePrinciple:

ItisprincipleadvancedbyPaulGrice.Itisaprinciplethatguidesourconversationalbehaviours.Thecontentis:

Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeorthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?

Traditionalsemanticsstudiedmeaning,butthemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.apropertyattachedtolanguageitself.Therefore,meaningsofwords,meaningsofsentenceswereallstudiedinanisolatedmanner,detachedfromthecontextinwhichtheywereused.Pragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.Theessentialdistinctionbetweens