Canada.docx

Canada.docx

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Canada

ⅤCanada（page1-13）

GeneralView:

Canadaisyoungestastheconceptofanationwith142yearshistory（till2009），itisaverynewglobalmember.In1867,itbecameapoliticalpolity.

Canadaisoneofthestrongestcountriesintheworld,itplaysaleadingroleinworldindustry.Intermsofeconomy,itisamemberoftheBigSeven,rankingalongwiththeUnitedStates,France,theUnitedKingdom,Italy,GermanyandJapan.Inannual“qualityoflife”surveysbytheUnitedNationeachyear,Canadaisestimatedasacountryhavingthebeststandardoflivingintheworldbecauseofitshealthcare,education,cleanenvironment,socialwelfare,andsoon.

Canadaisthesecondlargestcountryintheworldinsize,locatedontheNorthAmericancontinent.It’sterritorystretchesfromseatosea,whichiscarvedonthereversesideofitsnationalemblemasamottooftheNation.CanadaandtheUnitedStatesborderingeachotherontheSouthwiththelongestundefendednationalborderintheworld,whichshowsasymboloftheirgoodrelations,althoughtheyhadsomeun-seriousargumentaboutthenorthernmostoceanregions,whichCanadaoccasionallyprotestedaboutAmericannuclearsubmarinespatrollingthereduringtheColdWar.

Nationalidentity:

WhatisCanada?

Canadiansspendalotoftime,energyandmoneyinmakingclearitsnationalidentity.

NationalidentityasAmericainculture,economyandideology:

ItissomuchthesameastheAmericansinculture,economyandinideology.TheCanadiansvisittheUnitedStatesfrequentlywhenbuyinggoodsofdailylife.TheyspeakAmerican-English,watchingAmericanfilmandTVprogramme,eatinghamburgers,wearingjeansandplayingbaseballwhicharesoAmericanstylethatyoucannottellthemfromtherealAmericans.

NationalidentityasBritaininitspoliticalinstitutions,its

territory,itslawsandevenitsRoyalFamily:

IthassomuchincommonwiththeBritishinitspoliticalinstitutions,itsterritory,itslawsandevenitsRoyalFamily.Canadiansrespectandareloyaltoitsforefathersofthe“OldCounty”,thatis,theGreatBritain.ItwasonceacolonyoftheBritain,todaytheystillhavethesameQueen.

NationalidentityasFranceinlanguage:

IthasthesameofficiallanguageswiththeFrench.CanadiansspeakbothEnglishandFrench,esp.thepeopleintheprovincesofQuebecandOntario.Thetwolargestcities,TorontoinOntarioandMontrealinQuebec,arehighlyculturedEuropean-seemingcitieswhereFrench-speakingcitizensareliving.

Becauseoftheabovefacts,Canadiansoftenfeeltheylacka“naturalidentity”.

Canadaisanationofimmigration.Itencouragesthepolicyofimmigration,assistsdifferentcultures,differentlanguagesanddifferentidentities,assureseveryoneishappytobeaCanadian.

RegionsofCanada

Russia17,070,000kilometre

Canada9,970,000kilo.

China9,600,000kilo.

America9,300,000kilo.

Brazil8,540,000kilo.

Austria.7,690,000kilo.

CanadaoccupiesabouthalfoftheNorthAmericancontinent,itcanbedividedintofiveparts,consistingtenprovincesandthreeterritories.Thenature,culture,climateandeconomiclifearedifferentfromoneregionfromanother.

ThefivepartsaretheNorth,theWest,thePrairies,theCentralandtheAtlanticregion:

TheNorth:

（withthreeterritories）upintotheArcticCircleandtothenorthpole,soishardlyapopulatedareaandcalled“theLandoftheMidnightSun”.Themaininhabitantsareaboriginalpeopleandtheregionisdividedintothreeadministrativeterritories.

HeretherewasanargumentaboutthenorthernmostoceanwiththeAmericaduringtheColdWar.Butitdoesn’tmatterverymuchsinceitisaregionoficeandoceans.

Theeconomywasbasedonhuntingandtrappinganimals,theinhabitantsaredevelopingtheanimals’oil,skinproducts,exploringgasdeposits,dependingonartsandcraftsaswellashuntingfortheirlivelihood.

TheWest:

（withtheprovinceofBritishColumbus）

BritishColumbiaislocatedinthewestern-mostprovinceofCanada.Theworldfamousscenicspot-theLakeLouiseinRockies（落基山脉的路易斯湖）locateshere;Rockiesisthelargestrangecontainingmorethan50peakshigherthan3350meterswhichisalsotheworldfamous.BritishColumbiaisthesecondlargestproducerofhydroelectricpower.Anothermaineconomicmainstayisitsmostvaluableforestryindustry.

ThePrairies:

（withthreeprovinces）

LocatedintheEastoftheRockies,thePrairiesconsiststhreeprovinces（Alberta,SaskatchewanandManitoba）.ThePrairiesisCanada’sbreadbasket,wheatiscarriedtomanycornersoftheworld;beeffeeds

thewholecountry.Theprairiesarealsorichinenergyresources,forexample,100,000lakesproducepowerfulhydroelectricity.

Duringthelate1800s,theCanadiangovernmentencouragedthesettlementoftheprairieprovincesbyofferingcheaplandto3millionpeoplesfromEurope.

CentralCanada:

（withtheprovincesOntarioandQuebec）

CentralCanadaistheoldestpartsofCanada,consistingOntarioandQuebecprovinces,whichwerethefirstsettlementofcolonists.Fromthenon,Canadakeptexploringandpushingwest,conqueringnewterritories.

CentralCanadaisthemostdenselypopulatedprovinces,morethanhalfofCanadiansliveinthesetwoprovinces.Herehasthelargestworldfamouscities,suchasToronto,MontrealandOttawa-thecapitalofthecountry.

CentralCanadaisfamousforfarming,miningandforestryindustry;manufactureandheavyindustriesarealsolocatedhere,soit’sindustrialheartlandofthecountry.

TheAtlanticRegion:

（with4provinces））

Thesemaritimeprovinces（宾海诸省NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIslandandNewfoundland）aresmallinpopulationandtraditionallyratherpoor.Peoplehererelyonfishingandforestryandtouristindustry.Inordertoensurepeopleenjoythesamequalityoflifeasthericherareas,governmenttransfersmoneyfromthericherareashere.

Canadianhistory

16,000yearsago:

aboriginalpeoplelivedonthecontinent

In11thcentury:

vikingscamefromthenorthof

Europe,withtheFrenchcomingin

1524

In1604:

Frenchsettlerscametosettledown

In1670:

EnglishsettlerscamefromBritain

In1764:

FrancecededitsterritoryinpresentCanadatoBritishcolonies,forFranceandBritainkeptfightingduringthetime

（In1775）:

peoplefromAmericacame

1764-1837:

CreationofBritishNorthAmerica

1837-1867:

fightingforaresponsiblegovernment

In1867,Canadaasanationwasborn

ThefollowingisthedetailofCanada’shistory:

TheearliestcontactwithEurope

Theabrinianalpeoplelivedonthelandabout16,000-17,000yearsago.TheearliestEuropeanexplorationsinCanadaareNorsemen（vikings）in11thcentury.severalNorsegroupsattemptedtocolonizethenewland,buttheyweredrivenoutbythenativepeople.

TheFrenchbegantoexplorefurther,in1524,KingFrancisIsentanavigator,whoexploredfromtheeasterncoastlineofNorthAmericatoNewfoundlandofCanada,givingFrancesomeclaimtothenewworldaswell.Throughouttherestofthe16thcenturytheEuropeanfleetscontinuedtomakealmostannualvisitstotheeasternshoresofCanadatocultivatethefishingopportunities.

1604-1763

SettlementbyEuropeansdidnotbeginuntilthe17thcentury.ItwasFrenchcolonistswhofirstsettledinCanadain1604;andtheBritishfollowedin1670.

ThewarbetweenBritainandFrancein17th-18thcenturies

TheBritishwerejealousoftheFrenchsuccessandsooncompetedforterritoryandtradingcentres.WhiletheFrenchwerewellestablishedinEasternCanada,BritainhadcontrolovertheThirteenColoniestothesouthofthecontinent（laterwerecalledNewWorld）;andlaidclaimtoHudsonBayaswellassettlementsinNewfoundland.TheBritishcolonieswererapidlyexpanding,whichledBritainandFrancerepeatedlyfighting.Thewarsinthe17thand18thcenturieslastedmorethan100years,itendedwithBritain’svictoryin1763（abigwarlasted7yearsbetweenBritainandFrance）.

WithBritain’svictory,Francefinallyceded（割让）almostallofitsterritoryinmainlandNorthAmericatoEngland（nowitistheterritoryoftheUnitedStates）.thebordersbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereofficiallydeclared.

1764-1867（1764-1837;1837-1867）

1764-1837:

theperiodofCreationofBritishNorthAmericawithBritain’sdomination

1837-1867:

theperiodofCanadians’fightingforaresponsisblegovernmentThecreationoftheColonyofBritishColumbiain1858organizedaconfederationwiththeparticipationofthethreePacificcolonies,Ontario（安大略）,NewBrunswick（新不伦瑞克）andNovaScotia（新斯克舍）.In1867,theCanadiancoloniesweremergedintoasinglecolony,UnitedProvincesofCanadawitharesponsiblegovernment.Canadawasindependentin1867.Theotherprovincesandterritorieslaterjoined.

OnJuly1,1867,theUnitedStatessighedtheTreatyofNorthAmerica,DominionofCanadaformed.

Governmentstructure

Canadacreatedauniquepoliticalcommunity,thatis,tocombinefederalismwithmonarchy.So,insomeaspects,itislikeBritain,andinsomeaspects,itisliketheUnitedStates.

Monarchy:

1.Queenisthesymbolofthecountry,sheishereditary,notelected

2.theParliament（议会）iscomprisedoftwohouses,theHouseofCommons/LowerHouseandtheHouseoftheSenate/UpperHouse;andthemembersofSenatearedecidedbytherightoffamilystatusorappointed,notelected

3.Itishighlycentralizedgovernment,carryingthepolicyofparliamentarydemocracy（代议制民主）

Republicanism:

1.Presidentistheauthoritativeheadofthecountry,presidentiselected

2.theCongressiscomprisedoftwohouses,theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseoftheSenate;allthemembersareelected

3.Itisfederalrepublicanism,thecountryismanagedbybo