译后编辑分析研究英语论文论文.docx

译后编辑分析研究英语论文论文.docx

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译后编辑分析研究英语论文论文

摘要

译后编辑现已在机器翻译领域占据了十分关键的地位。

它不仅是为机器翻译服务的一项重要工具，而且其相关操作的执行还需要专业译后编辑人员的参与。

本文旨在对译后编辑这一新兴领域进行全面详尽的介绍，包括其自1933年以来经历的萌芽期、发展期和繁荣期三个阶段的发展；译后编辑的必要性和可行性；译后编辑的分类和步骤；以及对译后编辑人员的要求与训练及发展前景等。

译后编辑大体分为由人工手动操作的和由机器自动操作的译后编辑，以及可以达到出版要求的充分译后编辑（fullpost-editing）和只以理解为目的的浅显译后编辑（lightpost-editing）。

为了对译后编辑的介绍尽量做到足够准确和详尽，本文将集中介绍由人工即译后编辑人员执行的充分译后编辑。

译后编辑现已成为一项日益兴起的翻译实践，然而其重要性与其受到的关注度并不匹配。

本文的写作目的是为了将译后编辑全面详尽地介绍给翻译专业的学生，以增进并提高大家对这一职业的理解与重视，并意识到译后编辑这项工作需要的是专业的双语人士，而仅仅对目标语言熟练的人员是无法胜任该岗位的。

本文将介绍由国际标准化组织编纂的《译后编辑手册》，并总结该领域先进研究成果，以增加大家对这一职业的了解，并指明该领域的发展方向。

关键词:

译后编辑；发展历史；必要性；译后编辑人员

Abstract

Post-editinghasbeengainingastrongfootholdinmachinetranslationservices,whichservesnotonlyasacriticaltoolformachinetranslation,butalsotobeaprofessionalpracticeimplementedbypost-editorsorrevisers.Thisthesisaimstogiveacomprehensiveandexhaustiveintroductiononpost-editing,involvingitsthreephasesofdevelopmenthistorysince1933s,necessity,viability,classification,processes,aswellasrequirementsandtrainingonpost-editors,etc.

Inamovetomakeitasconcreteandconciseaspossible,thethesiswillfocusitsintroductiononpost-editingcarriedoutbymanualpracticesratherthanautomatedone,andonfullpost-editingwiththeobjectivetomaketranslatedworkssufficeforpublicationinsteadoflightpost-editingthatpurposeonlycomprehensibility.

Thethesisiswritteninabidtointroducetheemergingprofessionaltranslationpracticetotranslation-majoredstudentsandtoraisepeople’sattentiontopost-editingasanindispensableprocessthatneedstobeperformedbybilingualprofessionalsotherthananyonewhoisonlyproficientinthetargetlanguages.ByintroducingthePost-editingGuidelinesregulatedbyInternationalStandardizationOrganization（ISO）andconcludingtheresultsofresearchonpost-editingstudiedbyformerresearchers,thearticleisprojectedtobeapreliminaryentrancetopost-editingthatwillhighlightpeople’semphasisonitandcarveoutapromisingandguaranteedfutureofit.

KeyWords:

post-editing;developmenthistory;necessity;post-editors

Contents

摘要……………………………………………………………………………….…i

Abstract.........................................................................................................................ii

Introduction...................................................................................................................6

ChapterOneTheDevelopmentHistoryofPost-editing..............…………..……….7

1.1DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1930sto1970s..........................7

1.2DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1980sto1990s..........................8

1.3DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editinginthe21stCentury.............................9

ChapterTwoTheNecessityandViabilityofPost-editing...........…………..…...…11

2.1TheNecessityofPost-editing…….......................................………………11

2.2TheViabilityofPost-editing........................................................................13

ChapterThreeTheClassificationandProcessesofPost-editing..............................16

3.1TheClassificationofPost-editing................................................................16

3.2TheProcessesofPost-editing.......................................................................18

ChapterFourTheCompetencesandTrainingonPost-editors.................................20

4.1TheCompetencesonPost-editors...............................................................20

4.2TheTrainingonPost-editors........................................................................21

4.3TheFutureofPost-editing............................................................................21

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………23

WorksCited.................................................................................................................24

Introduction

Post-editingisanimportantandcomplementarytoolofmachinetranslationincludingthepracticeofidentifyingandcorrectingproblemsanderrorsofmachine-translatedversion.Withtherisingdevelopmentofmechanicaltechnologiesandsomeinevitableproblemsgeneratedbymachineintranslation,post-editingstartstogainmoreattentionaroundtheglobeduetoitsnecessityandviability.However,post-editingisstillgreatlyneglectedbytranslation-majoredstudentsanddeniedbymanyprofessionalsasanoccupation.Asaresult,thisreportaimstogiveacomprehensiveandgeneralintroductiononpost-editingbasedonmultiplestudiesandresearchathomeandabroadaswellastheguidelinesonpost-editorsissuedbytheInternationalStandardizationOrganization（ISO）,asanefforttodeepenpeople’sunderstandinginpost-editinganddissipatesomecommonmisapprehensionaboutit.Thereportwillintroducepost-editinginfourparts.First,thedevelopmenthistoryofpost-editingwillbeintroducedinChapterOnetohelpreaderscraveoutabroadoutlineofhowpost-editingisdeveloped.Second,thenecessityandviabilityofpost-editingwillbeextrapolatedinChapterTwobasedontheanalysisofinaccuracyandincorrectnessofmachinetranslation.Third,theclassificationandprocessesofpost-editingwillbeintroducedinChapterThreetoenrichreaders’knowledgeonpost-editing.Forth,thecompetencesandtrainingonpost-editorswillbeexplainedandtheprospectofpost-editingandthefutureofpost-editorswillbeforeseeninChapterFour.Fromthisreport,itistemptingtoconcludethatpost-editingwillbecomemoreandmorepopularasanindispensabletoolofmachinetranslationwithstricterrequirementsonpost-editorsandontranslationindustryasawhole.

ChapterOneTheDevelopmentHistoryofPost-editing

AsisexplainedbyAllen,post-editing,inbasicterms,is“thetaskofthepost-editorstoedit,modifyand/orcorrectpre-translatedtextthathasbeenprocessedbyamachinetranslationsystemfromasourcelanguageintoatargetlanguage”（Allen297）.Soisacriticaltoolappliedtoimprovethequalityofmachinetranslation,thusitsdevelopmenthistoryisinevitablyassociatedwiththatofmachinetranslation.In17thcentury,theconceptofmachinedictionarieshadbeenputforwardandmaterializedbyproductivecitizensasDescartesandLeibniz,whowentoutoftheirwaystosurmountlanguagebarriersbyintroducinganintermediatelanguage.In1903,thetermof“machinetranslation”wasfirstlyusedbyCouturatandLeautodescribemechanically-aidedtranslation.In1933,thenotionofmechanically-aidedtranslationwasputintopracticebyaninvestoroftheSovietUnion.Thiswaswhenmachinetranslationwasinitiallymadeintoreality.Thenceforward,post-editinghascommenceditsunnoticeabledevelopmentwithlittleattention,whosedevelopmenthistoryhasbeenconcludedintothreephases:

formingstage,revivingstageandprosperousstage.

1.1DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1930sto1970s

Theperiodfrom1930sto1970switnessedpost-editing’sincipientphaseofdevelopmentsinceitsoriginalityin1933.Thisyear,aninvestorfromtheSovietUnionnamedTroyanovskyinventedamachine,whichwasabletotranslatealanguageintoanotherinmechanicalway.Hecreatedasetoflogic-analyzingsymbolsanddividedtheprocessesoftranslationintothreeparts.Inthefirstandthethirdparts,professionally-trainededitorswouldrelativelyencodethesourcelanguageinthesymbolsanddecodethesymbolsintothetargetlanguage,whileinthesecondpart,themachinewouldplayitspartbytransferringthemeaningofsymbolsfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetone.Inthemechanically-aidedtranslationprocesses,thoseprofessionally-trainededitorswerepracticallytheinitialrudimentofpost-editors.

In1946,theworld’sfirstcomputer,ENIAC,wasdesignedandproducedbyJ.P.EckertfromtheUnitedStates,whosestartlingcomputingratesgaverisetopeople’sconcernontherevolutionoftranslation.Fromthenon,thepracticeofmachinetranslationhadstartedtospringup,which,undoubtedly,couldnotbeachievedwithouttheaidofpost-editing.However,duetothebackwardmechanicaltechniquesandthepoorapplicationofpost-editing,thequalityofmachinetranslationstillletmanypeopledowndespiteitsdecadesofdevelopment.Therefore,in1966,AutomaticLanguageProcessAdvisoryCommittee（ALPAC）organizedbyAmericanScienceAcademypublishedareportnamed“LanguageandMachine”,inwhichtheviabilityofmachinetranslationwasfullydisavowedbysayingthattherewerefewreasonsforustogivegeneroussupporttomachinetranslationatthemoment（AutomaticLanguageProcessingAdvisoryCommittee16）.

Thedevelopmentofmachinetranslation,andpost-editingcorrespondingly,remainedlifelessuntil1976whenapracticalmachinetranslationsystemTAUMMETEOwasinventedbyCanadatoprovideofficialweatherforecastservices.Thismarkedtherenaissanceofmachinetranslationandtheinitialstartingpointofpost-editing.Sincethen,ahandfuloftranslatorsstartedtobefreedfromlengthyandtiresometranslatingworksbyhandandturnedtocheckandimprovetheoutputofmachinetranslationsystem（MachineTranslation8）.

1.2DevelopmentHistoryofPost-editingfrom1980sto1990s

Thestageof1980s-1990shadseenaphaseofrenaissanceofpost-editing,orbettertosayoflightpost-editing,whichwasactuallydrivenbydintoftherelativelypoortechnologicaldevelopment.Inthe80sand90s,withtherisingdemandforinternationalexchangesandtrade,lightpost-editingrosetobecomethemaintoolformachinetranslation.AccordingtoGarcia,“Lightpost-editingaimedtomakethemachine-generatedtextcomprehensible.Itwasnotmeantfordisseminationpurposes,butr