本科毕业论文《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义文学学士.docx

本科毕业论文《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义文学学士.docx

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本科毕业论文《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义文学学士

ABSTRACT

Charles·Dickensisoneofthegreatestnovelistsof19thcenturyinBritain,whoiscalledasthe“thefounderandthegreatrepresentativeofBritishcriticalrealism”.OliverTwististhesecondfamoussaganovelofCharles·Dickens.SoOliverTwististhoughttobearealisticnoveltoreflectthesocietyforitdescribesthedarknessandroughscuffofBritishsociety,andexposurestherealnatureofcapitalism.Thereisnodoubtofthese.However,thereisalsoromanticisminvolvedinthisnovelaccordingtoCharles·Dickens’slifebackground,languagestyleandplotsofthisnovel.ThispapernotonlyfocusesonrealismreflectedinOliverTwist,butalsotriestofindouthowromanticismpresentedinthisbook,moreover,thispaperpaysattentiontohowtheauthorcombinesrealismandromanticismtogetherinthisnovel.

KeyWords:

OliverTwist;Charles·Dickens;romanticism;realism;combination

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中文摘要

查尔斯·狄更斯是英国十九世纪最伟大的小说家之一。

他还被誉为“英国文学上批判现实主义的创始人和最伟大的代表”。

《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯的第二部著名长篇小说。

也因为小说对当时英国社会的种种黑暗和下层人民生活的疾苦的描写和对资本主义的虎狼本质的揭露，人们将《雾都孤儿》定义为反映社会现实的现实主义小说。

这当然是无可争议的。

但从狄更斯的生活背景、语言风格、作品情节看来，《雾都孤儿》所包含的不仅仅是现实主义，还带有浪漫主义的色彩。

本论文不但讲述《雾都孤儿》一书中所体现的现实主义，而且还尝试找出本书所体现的浪漫主义，与在本书中作者是如何现实主义与浪漫主义是如何结合在一起。

关键词：

《雾都孤儿》;查尔斯·狄更斯;浪漫主义;现实主义;结合

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1.Introduction

1.1CharlesDickensandOliverTwist

CharlesDickenswasbornonFebruaryseventh,eighteentwelveinPortsmouthBritain.Hisfather,JohnDickens,wasaclerkintheNavyPayOffice.InhischildhoodDickensacceptededucationinaprivateschool.However,whenhewastwelve,Dickenswassenttoashoesoilfactorytobeanapprenticebecausehisfatherwasinprisonfordebt.Nevertheless,Dickensreturnedtoschool,forhisfathercameintoafortune.Intheageoffifteen,hegraduatedfromschoolandthenbecomeanemployeeofalawfirm.Later,hebecameacorrespondent.Dickensdidnotaccepttoomuchnormaleducation,buttaughthimself.Maybethisexperiencemadeadeepimpressiononhim,whichmadehisarticlesmoreaboutthelifeoftheworkingpeoplefromthebottomthesociety.

HeisoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistsofnineteenthcenturyofEngland.Inhisearlyworks,hemainlydescribedsomeludicrousstoriesoftheleadingroles.However,inDickens’slaterworks,hewasmoreconcernedaboutfundamentalsocialproblems.Thoselatermasterpiecesaretheunionofnarration,psychologicaldescriptionofthecharactersandrichsymbolization.InDickens’sage,Britainwastransmittedfromsemi-feudalsocietyintoindustrialcapitalistsociety.Therefore,theworksofDickenswidelyrecorddifferentlifeaspectsofthiscertainperiod,whichportrayimagesofallwalksoflifedistinguishinglyandvividly.Alsotheauthordisclosedandcriticizedallkindsofviceofthesocietyanditsrepresentativesintermsofhumanitarianism.Moreover,heshowedhissympathyandsupporttotheworkingpeopleandtheirresistances.

AmongthecompositionsofCharlesDickens,OliverTwistisoneofhisrepresentativeworks.Thisbookholdsaveryimportantpositioninworldliterature.Sincethebookwaspublished160yearsago,itisabest-seller,whichhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguagesintheworldandhasbeenadaptedtoTVseriesandmovies.Itisabookacknowledgedasoneofthemasterpieceofworld’sliteratureclassic.InChina,OliverTwistisverypopularamongChinesereaders,aswellasoneoftheearliestWestEuropeanclassicworksbroughtintoChina.ThisbooknarratesdifferentkindsofpeopleandeventsthattrulyreflectLondonanditslifeduring19thcentury,whosebackgroundisLondonandwhosemainclueistheencountersofanorphanwhoiscalledOliverTwist.Thebooknotonlyrecordsthesufferingsofanorphan,butalsodescribesthelifeofthebottomsociety,suchasorphanage,slum,aswellastherottenandtheabsurdoftheuppersociety.

1.2LiteratureReview

TherearealotofresearcherstostudyCharlesDickensandhiscompositions.Differentresearchersanalyzefrommanydifferentpointsofviewsandgiveusdifferentwaystoknowmoreaboutthenovelistandhisworks,whichreallydousafavortounderstandthedeepermeaningsofthosemasterpieceswrittenbyCharlesDickens.

“DickenscarriedthegoodtraditionsofrealismnovelssinceeighteenthcenturyofEnglishandalsodevelopedit.Hecreatedhisuniquetechniqueandformedhisownstyle.Dickens’worksaxeveryimportantinEnglishliteraryhistory.TheyestablishedthebaseofcriticalrealismandhadeffectuponthedevelopmentofthewholeEuropeanrealismnovels.”（LuJianguo,2004:

40）

AccordingtoSelectedReadingsofEnglishLiterature,therearefourteenfull-lengthnovelsandagreatnumberofshortfictions,proses,letters,speeches,twomanuscriptnotesandonechildrenEnglishhistoryproducedbyCharlesDickensduringhislifetime.Allhiscompositionscanbeclassifiedinto3periods.Thefirstperiodisfrom1833to1841;thesecondoneisfrom1842to1850;andlastoneisfrom1851to1870.

Duringthefirstperiod,themaincreationsofDickensarePickwickPaper,OliverTwist,NicholasNickleby,TheOldCuriosityShop,andBanabyRudge.Intheseworks,theauthorexposedthedarksideofcapitalismandexpressedhissatiretothatdarkness.However,hiscriticizeisalittlemoderateonsocialcriticism.Andhethoughttherootofevilissomeindividualbadguys,andlawsaredefendersandexecutantsofjustice.Worksofthisperiodhavesomedisadvantagesthattheyareabitlooseandtoomuchdescription.

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Duringthesecondperiod,DickenscomposedAmericanNote,whichwaswrittenafterhisvisittoAmerica.HealsobroughtoutMartinChazzzleewit,ChristmasTales,DombeyandSon,andDavidCopperfield.Atthispoint,Dickensbegantocriticizethebourgeoisiechronicillnessessuchasthereigningbymoneyandprofiteeringtargeting.Moreover,thecharactersimageholdsmoresocialsignificancethantheearlywritings.Moreover,meansofartisticexpression,theworksofthisperiodfocusontheintegrityofthestoryandindividualizedlanguageofthecharacters.

Thetimebetween1851and1870isthethirdcompositiontimeofDickens.Inthisperiod,themasterpiecesofthenovelistareBleakingHouse,HardTime,LittleDorrit,ATaleofTwoCities,andGreatExpectation,andsoon.Inthistime,whathewroteistopointdirectlytotheweaknessoftheCapitalism.Boththebreadthanddepthofcriticizeofthistimedoexceedthewritingsbefore.Thecompositionsthistimearecoveredwithcoloroftragedy,andthesatireismuchsharper,inaddition,therearelesshumorinhisbooks,theso-called“happyending”isnotsohappy.Asforwritingtechniques,thecoherenceismorereasonable,andrelationbetweentopicsandplotsismuchcloserbydeliveringthemainideasthroughanimageorasymbolizationthatlinksthewholestorytogether.

AsthispaperistodealwithCharlesDickensandhismasterpiece—OliverTwist,toknowthecharacteristicsofwritingsoftheauthorisveryessential.

Generallyspeaking,thefirstdistinguishingfeatureofDickens’sthoughtthatappearedinhisnovelsiscriticalrealism.Inhisnovels,DickensexposedtotallytheselfishnessoftheBritishbourgeoisie,andtheirgreed,hypocrisyandallkindsofunreasonablerulesandregulationsprevailinginthatunreasonablesociety.Therevealofmoneyworshipinallhisnovelswasalsovividandthorough.Dickenswasalsogoodatmixingcomicwithtragedy,laughterandtears,humorandsatire.AndplotsinDickens’writingswereverycomplicated.Inhisnovels,thereismorethanonemainclue,buttheywerelooselylinkedwitheachother.Althoughthecluesarescatteredalittlebit,hisnovelsstillhadtheirowncores.

SinceweknowthedivisionofCharlesDickensworksandthecharacteristicsofCharlesDickens,letusknowsomestudyaboutthebook—OliverTwist.Fromdifferentangles,differentstudytothismasterpiecewillcome.Forexamples,someresearchersanalyzethewritingfromthethoughtsitcontains,fromthecharactersofthebook,fromtheoriginoftheleadingcharacters;evensometrytocomparethisnoveltootherworksofDickens.

Fortheangleofthoughts,thereisnodoubtthatrealismisthemainthoughtofthisnovel.However,someChineseresearchersassumethatthereisalsoanti-Semitisminthisnovel.Forinstance,anarticleiswrittenbyQiaoGuoqiang.Inthisessay,theauthoranalyzedthetopicthroughhistory,acharactercalledFaginandhisphysicalappearance.Inthispaperthewriterfoundoutthatanti-SemitismexistsaroundEuropesincetheveryancienttime.AndthisthoughthadbeendeeplyrotteninEuropean.Asaresult,Dickensisnotanexceptionofthisthought.FaginisthesymbolofdevilinOliverTwist.InordertogivereaderadeepimpressionofFagin,Dickensdescribedthischaracter’sphysicalindetail.

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Moreover,someresearchersfoundoutlimitationofthoughtofDickensthroughthisnovel,takinganarticlewrittenbyLaiQiaolinforanexample.Shethoughtthatinthisnoveltherealisminitisnamed“idealrealism”,becauseshepointedoutthatthebehavioroftheOliverTwististooeleganttobeanorphan,inthatheevendoesnotknowwhatisathiefandheisalwaysoptimisticnomatterhowbadFagintreatshim.AndLaialsosaidinthisarticlethatthereareseveralincarnationsofgoodness,thoughtheyarecapitalists.InLai’sopinion,whysomekindcapitalistsappearisthatDickenscouldn’tfindsolutionstosolvethesocialproblem,whathecoulddoistohopethatthecapitalistsismerciful.

Astothefiguresdescribedinthisnovel,amoststudiedisOliverandNancy.SomeresearchersthoughtNancyisakindheartedgirlthoughsheisathief.AlthoughNancylivesinthebottomofthesociety,sheisfulloflove