山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文.docx
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山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文
山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文
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外文文献:
GRAPHICAL-BASEDMULTISTAGESCHEDULINGMETHODFORRCBUILDINGS
Y.C.HUANG
DepartmentofConstructionManagement,HwaHsiaInstituteofTechnologyandCommerce,111HwaHsinStreet,ChungHoCity,TaipeiHsien,Taiwan,RepublicofChina
Received13February2004;accepted4March2005
InTaiwan,contractorsarebecomingspecializedincertaintypesofconstructioninanincreasinglycompetitiveenvironmentandthisspecializationrequiressomeschedulingmodelstoprovidebetterschedulingresultsforeachtypeofconstruction.Anewpracticalmethod,Graphical-BasedMultistageSchedulingMethod(GMSM),forschedulingRCbuildingsuperstructuresispresentedherein.FromtheanalysisofcharacteristicsandconstructioncustomofRCbuildings,fourconstraints,(a)down–upconstruction,(b)buildinginspection,(c)reuseofbeamforms,and(d)reuseofslabforms,canbeestablished.TheGMSMisdevelopedutilizingagraphical-basedmethodandtheconceptofresourcereuse,andthegeneralformoftheGMSMtobefacilelyimplementedinanyworksheetsoftwareisderivedaswell.TheresultsofthisstudyprovidesomequantitativeinformationasausefulguideforschedulingRCbuildingsuperstructures.
Keywords:
Multistagescheduling,repetitiveproject,RCbuilding,GMSM
Introduction
InTaiwan,contractorsarebecomingspecializedincertaintypesofconstructioninanincreasinglycompetitiveenvironmentandthisspecializationrequiressomeschedulingmodelstoprovideabetterschedulingforeachtypeofconstruction.Themajorityofhigh-risebuildingslocatedinurbanareasinTaiwanareRCstructures.Itisdeemedcrucialforhigh-risebuildingsthataschedulingmodelforthistypeofconstructioncannotonlyincreaseprofitsbutalsoreducetheimpactonurbantraffic.
Ofthehigh-risebuildingsconstructedtodate,thenetworkplanningtechniquehasbeencommonlyadoptedinscheduling.TheCriticalPathMethod(CPM)isthemostpopularone;forinstance,prevalentschedulingsoftwaresuchasMSProject,PrimaveraProjectPlanner,etc.,weredevelopedbasedonCPM.However,assumingthatallactivitiesareindependent,theCPMdoesnottakeintoconsiderationtheresourcereusewherethereisrepetitionofidenticalactivitiesoneveryfloor.
O’Brien(1975)proposedthathigh-risebuildingbedividedintotwocategories:
(1)non-repetitiveworks,suchasearthworks,foundations,andnon-typicalfloorplans;and
(2)repetitiveworks,suchassuperstructureswithstandardfloordesigns.Intheformercategory,CPMisutilizedtoexecutescheduling.Forthelatter,aschedulingmodelsuitableforrepetitiveconstructionhastobedeveloped.Reda(1990)andCole(1991)alsodemonstratedthenecessityofschedulingforrepetitiveprojects.
Thisstudy,accordingtoO’Brien’ssuggestion,istodevelopagraphical-basedschedulingmethodapplicabletorepetitiveprojectsofRCbuildingsuperstructuressothatthemostpopularlypracticedconstructionmethodinTaiwan,sitecastconcretestructureswithwoodenforms,maybeinlinewithit.
Literaturereviews
Thetheoreticalschedulingapproachofrepetitiveprojectsisbasedontheprincipleof‘AssemblyLineBalance’,inwhichtherearetwopremises:
(1)workcontinuityforeachactivityfromoneunittothenext,and
(2)appropriatenessforthelower-boundlimitofconstructionintervalsbetweenadjacentactivitieswithinthesameunit.TheprincipalmethodsforrepetitiveschedulingaretheLineofBalance(LOB)methodandtheLinearSchedulingMethod(LSM).ThedifferencebetweenthemisthatthedurationbetweenunitshavingidenticalactivitiesisassumedasaconstantforLOBmethod,andvariableforLSM(MoselhiandKhaled,1993).
Inrecentdecades,fortheschedulingofrepetitiveprojects,anumberofmethodologieshavebeendeveloped,suchaslinearprogramming(HandaandBarcia,1986;Reda,1990(RPM);RussellandCaselton,1998),dynamicprogramming(Selinger,1980;RussellandCaselton,1988;EldinandSenouci,1994;SenoucandEldin,1996;El-RayesandMoselhi,2001),simulation(Halpin,1977(CYCLONE);Ashley,1980;Kavanagh,1985(SIREN);AbouRizkandHalpin,1990;Lutzetal.,1994;ChehayebandAbouRizk,1998;ShiandAbouRizk,1998),neuralnetwork(AdeliandKarim,1997),andgeneticalgorithms(HegazyandWassef,2001;LeuandHwang,2001).
Thecommonassumptionoftheabove-mentionedstudiesistheworkcontinuityforeachactivityfromoneunittothenext,ortheworkcontinuityonpartialunits.WangandHuang(1998)presentedamultistagelinearscheduling(MLS)methodtotackletheproblemofadjacentactivitiesofthesameunitrestrictedbyanupperlimitoftheintervaltime.IthasbeenfoundfromtheMLSmethodthattheintervalbetweenthestarttimesforadjacentunitsatleastequalsthelongestdurationamongallactivitiesinaunit.
Moreover,someschedulingmethodsforhigh-risebuildingshavebeenpresented.O’Brien(1975)presentedtheVerticalProductionMethod(VPM),adoptingtheconceptofanassemblylinewithapredeterminedprogressrateofeachactivity.Agraphicaltechniquewasincorporatedtoinspecteachactivitywithregardtowhethertheconstructionlogicisachievedornot.ThabetandBeliveau(1994)analyzedthestarttimeofeachactivitywithinaunit,andestablishedaHorizontalandVerticalLogicScheduling(HVLS)proceduretomanagebothhorizontalandverticalconstraintsinhigh-risebuilding.Thisschedulingprocedurecanbeimplementedbasedoncriticalfloors,determinedbyhorizontaland/orverticalconstraintsasspecifiedbytheusers.Inaddition,ThabetandBeliveau(1997)usedaknowledge-basedsystemtoadjusttheHVLSproceduresothatitwouldsatisfytheconstraintsoffieldspaceandusefulresources.
Nevertheless,asthesemodelssatisfytheassumptionofcontinuousworkofidenticalactivitieson(partial)floors,theyareapplicabletosteelstructuresorSRCstructures.ThepurposeofthispaperistopresentaschedulingmodelforRCmultistorybuildings.Theproposedmodel,agraphical-basedmethod,isbasedontheconceptofresourcereusewithplainmathematicalmeanstodeterminethestarttimeforeachfloorofRCbuildings.DetailsofassumptionsandformulationoftheGMSMarepresentedinwhatfollows.
Assumptionsandconstraints
Assumptions:
ThroughanalysisofthecharacteristicsandcustomofconstructingRCbuildingsuperstructures,underlyingassumptionsonwhichtobasetheGMSMwereinducedandaresummarizedasfollows:
(1)workcontinuityofeachactivityismaintainedwithineachfloor;
(2)startinganyactivityonanyfloorsmustwaitforthecompletionofthesameactivityonthepreviousfloors;
(3)durationforeachactivityondifferentfloorsshallbeconstant;and
(4)theconstructionmethodshallremainthesameforeachfloor.
SincebothformworkersandrebarworkersaretwomaincategoriesoflaborintheconstructionofRCbuildingsuperstructuresinTaiwan,maintainingworkcontinuitywithineachfloorcanreduceidletime.Therefore,thefirstassumptionisinaccordancewiththeconstructioncustomofRCbuildings.Thesecondassumptionsatisfiestheresourcereuse.SincetheconstructionmethodofRCbuildingsconsistsofsomewell-definedactivities,thedurationforidenticalactivitiesperformedbyskilledformandrebarworkersoneachfloorisalmostthesame.Forsimplification,thedurationforidenticalactivitiesisassumedtobeconstantinpractice.Thefourthassumptionismatchedwiththedefinitionofrepetitiveconstructionofasuperstructurebyaspecificconstructionmethod.
Workflowofafloor
Fromthefourthassumption,onemustensurewhatactivitiesintheworkflowoffloorsare,andusetheworkflowasabasisforderivingtheGMSM.TheconstructionmethodofRCbuildingsuperstructuresinTaiwanusessitecastconcretestructureswithwoodenforms.
TheworkflowofafloorforRCbuildingsconsistsofnineactivities,whichareshowninFigure1(a).Atthesametime,itisassumed,fortheworkflow,thatthedurationfornon-critical-pathactivitiesshouldnotexceedthatofcritical-pathactivities.Forthematterofsimplification,lettheworkflowconsistofsevenserialactivities,whichisshowninFigure1(b).TheworkflowofafloorforRCbuildingscanbesimplifiedintoaseven-stepconstructionsequence:
(1)layoutofstructuremembers;
(2)settingcolumnreinforcements;
(3)erectingwallandcolumnforms,andsettingwallreinforcements;
(4)erectingbeamformsandshores;
(5)erectingslabforms,stairsformsandshores;
(6)settingbeams,slabsandstairsreinforcements;and
(7)pouringconcrete,asshowninFigure1
(b).InFigure1,thesymbolsWiandDiusedinthisstudyrepresenteachactivityonfloorsanditsduration,respectively.
Becauseboththeactivitiesoflayoutofstructuremembersandpouringconcrete(requiringmoreprofessionalskillandpumpcarsthough)takeshorterdurationsthandoothers,contractorsusuallysubcontractthesetwojobstoreducecosts.Therestoftheactivitiesareperformedbyformandrebarworkers.ConstraintforschedulingFromtheworkflowasshowninFigure1fortheschedulingprocessofRCbuildingsuperstructures,itisrequiredtoconsidernotonlytheinputoftheresource(e.g.theleastlaborcombination)andconstructability(theleastworkspace)foreachactivityonatypicalfloor,butalsothreefactors:
(1)down–upconstruction,
(2)regulationsofbuildinginspections,and(3)formreuse,ofwhichallaffectRCbuildingconstruction.Furthermore,thesefactorscanbetransformedintorestrictiveformulasforestablishingaGMSMConstraintfordown–upconstructionIngeneral,anRCbuildingsuperstructureisconstructedbyrepe