精简英国文学教案Week 2.docx
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精简英国文学教案Week2
Week2
目的:
了解小说的基本知识。
难点是如何理解小说的视角。
重点是小说的人物和情节。
Poetryisthehoneyofallflowers,theQuintessenceofallsciences,themarrowofwit,andtheveryphraseofangels.
5.Whatispoetry?
看诗歌视频Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.Poetryisimaginativeliteraturewritteninverse.Poetryistheartofrepresentinghumanexperiences.
TheElementsofPoetry1).
Imagery(意象)
*Imageryisthesensesthepoemevokesinthereader.Imageryputsthereaderinthepoem.Ithelpsthereaderto“see”thepoem.
*Thetoolsofimageryare
*Senses:
sound,sight,touch,smell,taste,andemotion.
*Figurativelanguage:
metaphor,simile,personification,hyperbole,etc.
ContrastThoseWinterSundays
ThoseWinterSundays
Sundaystoomyfathergotupearly
andputhisclothesonintheblueblackcold,
thenwithcrackedhandsthatached
fromlaborintheweekdayweathermade
bankedfires(压火,堆积)blaze.Nooneeverthankedhim.
I’dwakeandhearthecoldsplintering,breaking.
Whentheroomswerewarm,he’dcall,
andslowlyIwouldriseanddress,
fearingthechronic(长,恶劣)angersofthathouse,
Speakingindifferentlytohim,
whohaddrivenoutthecold
andpolishedmygoodshoesaswell.
WhatdidIknow,whatdidIknow
oflove’saustereandlonelyoffices?
RobertHayden
In“ThoseWinterSundays”Haydenhascausedustoexperienceseveralsenses.“…[B]lueblackcold”certainlymakesusfeelhowcolditwas.Whenthefather’shandsaredescribedas“crackedhandsthatached”wecanfeeltheroughness.Hedescribesthecold“splinteringandbreaking.”Wecanhearthetreesandicecrack.Andthentherooms“werewarm”whentheboygotup.Weknowhowthatfeelsonacoldday.Whentheboyfears“thechronicangersofthathouse”andwhenhespeaks“indifferentlytohim”weknowwhatemotionstheboyisfeeling.
Haydenhascausedustofeelcold,crackedhandsandwarmrooms.Wehearsplinteringandbreakingandfeelangerandindifference.
ThesesensorydetailsmakethepoemcomealivetousandhelpustofeelwhattheboyfeltonthosewinterSundays.
Ifeelthatthispoemisapoemaboutafatherandsonsrelationshipinlife.Thefatherwasalltheboyhad,althoughtheboydidnotrealizehowimportanthisfatherwastohim.Itmakesyouthinkthatweshouldappreciatenotonlyourfathersbutorguardianswhowatchuponus.ManRememberingChildhood
ThespeakerinRobertHayden’ssonnetisamanlookingbackathischildhood;hedramatizesaneventthatmadehimrealizethathehadnottreatedasfatherwithasmuchloveandrespectasthefatherdeserved.Butinsteadofallowinghimselftowallowinguiltandself-recrimination,heoffersarhetoricalquestionthatputshisattitudeinproperperspective:
hejustdidknowanybetter.Ifhehadknownbetter,hecouldhavedonebetter.Andthatisausefulattitudethatweallneed.
FirstStanza–“Sundaystoo”
Thefirstline,“Sundaystoomyfathergotupearly,”impliesthatthefatherdidnotsleepinbecauseitwasSunday,butratherhecontinuedhisdutytohisfamily.Thefatherhadtogetdressedinthecold—“blueblackcold”issuchamarvelousdescriptionforbitter,bitingcoldofanunheatedhouseonwintermornings—becausenooneelsewouldgetupbeforethehousewaswarm.
Thefatherhadworkedallweekinthecoldweather,possiblyoutside,untilhishandswere“cracked,”andeventhoughhishandsached,hemadethefiretowarmthehouseforhisfamily.Anotherwonderfulimagethataddsitsmagictothisnearlyperfectsonnetis[he]“made/bankedfiresblaze.”Thephrase“bankedfires”referstothepilesofwoodthatwereheapedtokeepalowglowduringthenighttomakestartingthefireagaineasierinthemorning.
Thiskindoffreshlanguageiswhatmakespoetrysoalluring;insteadofmerelyreportingthatthefathergotupearlyasusualandstartedthefireinthestovesohisfamilywouldbewarm,thepoethasfashionedalittledramafilledwithintriguingimagesthatmakeusseeandheartheevents.
Thesimple,literallinefollowingtheseskillfullycraftedimages,deliversablast:
“Nooneeverthankedhim.”Thespeakerhasshownusacaringmanwhodidsomuchforothers,yetnooneappreciatedit.SecondStanza–“thecoldsplintering,breaking”
Thespeakerwouldlieinhiswarmbedlisteningwhilehisfatherwasrekindlingthefireinthestoveorfireplacetowarmthehouse.Hewouldhear“thecoldsplintering,breaking”—anotherimagethatcontributestofabulousdramaticqualityofthispoem.Literally,thefatherwassplinteringthewood,butfigurativelywhilealmostliterallytothechildlistening,itwouldsoundasifthecolditselfwerebreakingup.Thenwhenthehousewaswarmenough,thefatherwouldcallhissontogetup,andthesonwouldreluctantlycomply.Hewould“riseanddress.”
Theline,“fearingthechronicangersofthathouse,”isthelinethatrequiressomeinterpretivepower.Somereadershavebeenledastraybythisline,thinkingthatthepoemisaboutchildabusebyafather.Iftheangersareliteralandbelongtopeople,theynotonlyrefertothefatherbutto“thathouse,”meaninganyoneelselivingtheresidence.
Insteadofassigningangertopeople,however,onemightarguethattheangersbelongtothehouse;perhapsthehousehasleaky,noisypipes,brokenwindows,dilapidatedfurniture,rodentinfestation,anabusivelandlord,oranynumberofdangerousthingsthatmightcausetheoccupantsdiscomfort.
Itisthisvaguelinethatdetractsfromtheperfectionofthissonnet.Thisvaguenessmotivatescriticstopeerintothepoet’slifeforpossibilitiesformeaning.Whilelookingatthebiographyofpoetscancertainlyenrichthepoet’sworkforreaders,itisaflawifthereaderfeelsthebiographyanecessityinunderstandinganypartofthework.
ThirdStanza–“WhatdidIKnow?
”
Onecouldreadthisquestionasanexcuse:
“Iwasjustakid,whatdidIknow?
”Butthefactishedidnotknow,becausehewasakid.Weareallinthatsamesituation.Noneofusunderstandsthesacrificesourparentsmakeforuswhiletheyaremakingthem.Andthestrengthofthisrepeatedquestionisthatitprovidestheaccuratereasonforourfailuretorecognizethelove,service,andattentionthatparentsoffertoprotecttheirchildren.
Thatloveshouldhave“austereandlonelyoffices”escapestheawarenessofchildren,becausetheydonothavetheinsightandexperiencethatadultswhohaveservedthoseofficeshave.Theterm“offices”mightcausesomeconfusionifonethinksonlyofbusinessofficesorrooms.
Herethetermreferstopositionsofauthorityandduty,especiallythoseheldinasacredtrust.Theoldadagethat“itislonelyatthetop”givesasenseofthemeaningoftheterm.Thepoetcouldhaveusedtheterm“duties,”but“offices”broadensthemeaningtoincludetheresponsibilitiesofauthorities,includingparents.
ASpiritualPoem
Thesonnetreachesheightsofreasonandfeelingthatarerareinpoetry,especiallypoetrywritteninthetwentieth-centuryandparticularlyinsecularpoetry.Thispoetryqualifiesasaspiritualpoem,andexceptfortheline“fearingthechronicangersofthathouse,”reachesnearlyspiritualperfection.
Forinformationaboutvariousformsofsonnets,pleaseseeAmerican,Petrarchan,Shakespearean.
ThecopyrightofthearticleHayden’s‘ThoseWinterSundays’inAmericanPoetryisownedbyLindaSueGrimes.PermissiontorepublishHayden’s‘ThoseWinterSundays’inprintoronlinemustbegrantedbytheauthorinwriting.
Author:
RobertE(arl)Hayden(1913-1980)
Genre:
poetry
Date:
1962
Introduction
RobertHaydenpossessedamazingskillwithlanguageandthestructureofthepoem.ThoughheisperhapsbestknownforhispoemsthatexploreandexpresstheAfrican-Americanexperience,fromthedaysofslavery,totheCivilWar,tothatofhisowntime,poemslikeMiddlePassage,orTheBalladofNatTurner,healsowroteshorter,arguablymorelyricpoemsthatcapturepersonalorreligiousmoments."ThoseWinterSundays,"apoemaboutasonrememberinghisfather,isanexcellentexampleofoneoftheseshorterpoemsasitdisplaysHayden'sincrediblecontroloflanguageandintricateunderstandingofhumanexperience.Itisclearthattherewasdistancebetweenthemandlittlecommunicationorevenwarmth.Itisdiscoveredthough,inrecollection,thatloveactuallywaspresent.Itwasjustcommunicatedsubtlyinthefather'seffort,specificallybybuildingfiresintheearlymorningthat"dr[ove]outthecold."Thepoemseemstobealamentofthefactthattheson,whoatthetimecouldnotperceivesuchsubtleexpressionsoflove,neverreturnedthem.Thoughsubjectsandspeakersofpoemsdonotnecessarilycorrelatewiththepoetwhowritesthem,itisinterestingtonotethatHaydenwasnotactuallyraisedbyhisrealmotherandfather,butbytheirneighborstowhomhewasgivenattheageofeighteenmonths.
Explication
Lines1-2:
Thepoembeginswithaverysimplelinethatnonethelessestablishesthesubjectandthetoneofwhatwillfollow.Thetitlehasalreadysuggestedthequietcoldof"winterSundays"andthisfirstlineaddstoitthenotionoftheearlymorning.Thespeaker'sfatherisalsointroducedwhichleadsonetobelievethathewillfigurecentrallyinthepoem.Thesimpleactionofthemangettingupanddressingissharpenedasanimagebytheuseoftheinterestingandstrikingadjective"blueblack,"whichdescribesadarknessthatwillsoonbecontrastedbytheimageoffire.Thisbeginningmightalsobeseentosuggestsomethingofthefather'scharacteraswell,asheisupbeforedaybreak,andistheonetoconfrontthecolddarknessofthehome.
Lines3-5: