新概念英语第四册课文版.docx

新概念英语第四册课文版.docx

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新概念英语第四册课文版

Lesson1

Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite、Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite、Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagaslegendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstorytellerstoanother、Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid、AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom、ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago、

Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten、Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom、

Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds、Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway、Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace、

Lesson2

Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?

Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace、Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsecteatinganimals、Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders、Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings、

Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem、Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglanceforaspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix、

Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?

OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch、Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects、Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday、IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry、

Lesson3

Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded、Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall、Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore、Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement、Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoalthetop!

Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers、ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybeepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains、Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflearidden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseacpaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine、Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycouldsometimeswiththelocalpriest（whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners）,sometimeswithshepherdsorcheesemakers、Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:

dirtandpoverty,andveryunfortable、Formenaccustomedtoeatingsevencoursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlps

musthavebeenveryhardindeed、

Lesson4

IntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls、Onecaseconcernsan'elevenyearoldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls、Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather、Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe、Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles、

Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUIyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialmissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic、Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet、Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity、DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin、Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet、

Lesson5

ThegorillaissomethingofaparadoxintheAfricanscene、Onethinksoneknowshimverywell、Forahundredyearsormorehehasbeenkilled,captured,andimprisoned,inzoos、Hisboneshavebeenmountedinnaturalhistorymuseumseverywhere,andhehasalwaysexertedastrongfascinationuponscientistsandromanticsalike、Heisthestereotypedmonsterofthehorrorfilmsandtheadventurebooks,andanobvious（thoughnotperhapsstrictlyscientific）link

withourancestralpast、

Yetthefactisweknowverylittleaboutgorillas、Noreallysatisfactoryphotographhaseverbeentakenofoneinawildstate,nozoologist,howeverintrepid,hasbeenabletokeeptheanimalundercloseandconstantobservationinthedarkjunglesinwhichhelives、CarlAkeley,theAmericannaturalist,ledtwoexpeditionsinthenineteentwenties,andnowliesburiedamongtheanimalshe

lovedsowell、Butevenhewasunabletodiscoverhowlongthegorillalives,orhoworwhyitdies,norwasheabletodefinetheexactsocialpatternofthefamilygroups,orindicatethefinalextentoftheirintelligence、AllthisandmanyotherthingsremainalmostasmuchamysteryastheywerewhentheFrenchexplorerDuChaillufirstdescribedtheanimaltothecivilizedworldacenturyago、TheAbominableSnowmanwhohauntstheimaginationofclimbersintheHimalayasishardlymoreelusive、

Lesson6

Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'theproblemofyouth'、Ifthereisone—whichItakeleavetodoubtthenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves、Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeingspeoplejustliketheirelders、Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:

theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:

andmaybethatiswheretherubis、

WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertainthatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem、Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking、

Ifindyoungpeopleexciting、Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearymitmenttomeanambitionsorloveoffort、Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings、Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings、It'sasiftheywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentanlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures、AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson、Hemaybeconceited,illmannered,presumptuousoffatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforeldersasifmereagewereareasonforrespect、Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong、

Lesson7

IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythemonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield、Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples（the1936OlympicGames,forinstance）thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfromgeneralprinciples、

Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarepetitive、Youplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin、Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:

butassoonasthequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagebativeinstinctsarearoused、Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis、Attheinternationallevelsportisfranklymimicwarfare、Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehaviouroftheplayersbuttheattitude