语言学复习试题集锦.docx
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语言学复习试题集锦
英语语言学复习
I.Matching.(连线题)
1.functionalshift:
Itreferstothechangeofwordsfromonepartofspeechtoanother.
2.morphology:
Itreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
3.displacement:
Itmeansthatlanguagecancommunicateaboutthingsthatareabsent:
realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture.
4.antonymy:
Itisastandardtechnicaltermusedfor“oppositenessofmeaningbetweenlexemes.”
5.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandear.
6.generalization:
Itisdefinedastheuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations.
7.culture:
Itreferstothepatternsofcustoms,traditions,socialhabits,valuesandbeliefsofasociety.
8.ReceivedPronunciation:
ItreferstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstandardEnglish.
9.acronym:
Itreferstothewordderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.
10.homonymy:
Itreferstothecasethattwo,ormoremeaningsmaybeassociatedwiththesamelinguisticform.
11.interference:
Itcanbedefinedastheuseofelementsfromonelanguagewhilespeakinganother.
12.distinctivefeatures:
Thefeaturesthataphonemehasandthatdistinguishitfromotherphonemes.
13.articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichthespeechareproduced.
14.duality:
Itreferstothefactthatinalllanguages,therearetwolevelsofstructure:
higherlevelofmeaningfulunitsandlowerlevelofsounds.
15.polysemy:
Itreferstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.
16.blending:
Itreferstothecombinationofpartsofotherwords.
17.back-formation:
Itreferstothewordcoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.
18.social-classdialect:
Itreferstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.
19.regionaldialect:
Itreferstothelinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginaparticularplace.
20.culturaltransmission:
Itmeansthatlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning.
21.ComponentialAnalysis:
Itreferstoanapproachadoptedbystructuralsemanticistsindescribingthemeaningofwordsandphrases.
22.suprasegmentalfeatures:
Thefeaturesthatarelargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchasstress,tone,andintonation.
23.boundmorpheme:
Itreferstothemorphemethatcannotstandbyitselfasaword.
24.hyponymy:
Itreferstoaparadigmaticrelationbetweenamorespecificlexemeandamoregenerallexeme.
25.clipping:
Itreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.
26.psycholinguistics:
thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.
27.morpheme:
minimalunitofmeaning.
28.syntax:
thestudyofwordarrangements.
29.naming:
insemantics,therelationshipbetweenwordsandthings.
30.conversationalimplicature:
Grice’stermreferringtotheindirectmeaningsofaspeaker.
II.Blank-filling.(填空题)
1.Aphonemeisaunitofdistinctivevalue.
2.Thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemearecalledit’sallophones.
3.Themorphemeswhichoccuronlyafterothermorphemesarecalledsuffixes.
4.Themorphemeswhichmayappearwithatleastoneothermorphemeandwhichcannotstandbythemselvesarecalledboundmorphemes.
5.Anyactualutterancesaspeakermakesinaparticularsituationarereferredtoasaperson’sperformance.
6.Phrasestructurerulesarealsocalledrewriterules.
7.Antonymyisastandardtechnicaltermusedfor“oppositenessofmeaning”betweenlexemes.
8.Argumentandpredicateareconstituentsofthepredication.
9.Searlemphasizesthedistinctionandtherelatednessbetweenthepropositioncontentandillocutionaryactofanutterance.
10.Supposethespeakersays“It’scoldinhere”.Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer’sshuttingthewindow.
11.Ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.
12.Acronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords.
13.Thestandarddialectisaparticularvarietyofalanguage.
14.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire(orrepertory).
15.Englishspeakingpeople,unlikeChinese,willacceptcomplimentsbygivingapositiveresponselike:
“Thankyou”.
16.Termssuchas“uncle,aunt,grandpa,granny”arekinshipterms.
17.Whetherornotachildwillspeakaforeignlanguagewithanaccentdependslargelyupontheageatwhichhelearnsthesecondlanguage.
18.Aroundtheageofpuberty,thechildloseshisabilitytolearnasecondlanguagewithoutanaccent.
19.Thestrikingresemblancebetweenfirstandsecondlanguageacquisitionisovergeneralization.
20.Thechildformshisownruleinasystematicwayasheteacheshimselfhismothertongue.
21.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.
22.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
23.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.
24.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:
thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.
25.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledlateralization.
26.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.
27.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
28.InSociolinguistics,speakersaretreatedasmembersofsocialgroups.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.
29.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
30.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isarticulatoryphonetics.
31.Morphologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
32.Senseisconnectedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.
33.Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.
34.Anabbreviationisashortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.
35.Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage.
36.Sociolinguisticsisconcernedwiththediversityoflanguageasitrelatestovarioussociologicalfactors.
37.Thefoursounds[p],[b],[m]and[w]haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallbilabial.
38.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaning,theyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.
39.Constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.
40.Aspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhosharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.
41.Lyingundertheskull,thehumanbraincontainsanaverageoftenbillionnervecellscalledneurons.
42.Becauseoftheirresemblancetothestyleoflanguagefoundintelegrams,utterancesatthemultiwordstageareoftenreferredtoastelegraphicspeech.
43.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthongs,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.
44.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,affixesaredividedintotwokinds:
prefixesandsuffixes.
45.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.
46.Thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,thisiswhatwecallpolysemy.
47.Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.
48.Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebraincalledthecerebralcortex.
49.Inlearningasecondlanguage,alearnerwillsubconsciouslyusehisL1knowledge.Thisprocessiscalledlanguagetransfer.
50.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
51.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate.
52.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.
53.Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalvescalledhemispheres,oneontherightandoneontheleft.
54.Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
55.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.
56.Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.
57.ThehistoryofEnglishexpansionisonethatischaracterizedwithheavyborrowingandwordformation.
58.Apidgintypicallylacksinflectionalmorphemes,suchasnounswithnoendingtoindicateplurality.
59.Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecriticalperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.
60.Negativetransfer,aprocessmorecommonlyknownasinterference,wasoncebelievedtobethemajorsourceofdifficultiesexperiencedanderrorsmadebyL2learners.
61.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhatdisplacementmeans.
62.Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbet