最新整理蜂巢结构的应用与研究讲课稿.docx

最新整理蜂巢结构的应用与研究讲课稿.docx

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最新整理蜂巢结构的应用与研究讲课稿

JIANGSUUNIVERSITY

蜂巢结构仿生研究与应用

学院名称：

京江学院

专业班级：

J高分子1101

学生姓名：

胡文文

学号：

4121126016

指导老师：

吴平

2005年12月

Estimationofhuman-hemoglobinusinghoneycombstructure:

Anapplicationofphotoniccrystal

abstract

Thispaperproposesamethodtoestimatethehemoglobinconcentrationinhumanbloodusing2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Thoughafewworksdealwithsimilarkindofinvestigation,presentresearchdeliversanaccurateestimationofhemoglobinascomparedtopreviousworks.Theprincipleofinvestigationisbasedonlinearvariationofbothphotonicbandgapandabsorbance’swithrespecttodifferentconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Asidethesevariations,energytransmittedthroughhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureisalsovariedlinearlywithrespecttosameconcentration.Inthiswork,photonicbandgapofhoneycombstructureisfoundusingplanewaveexpansionmethod,whereasabsorbanceofsamestructureiscomputedbyemployingMaxwellCurlequation.Finally,simulationresultrevealedthattransmittedenergythroughtwodimensionalhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructurecontainingbloodisnicelyfittedwithlineartrendline（R2=1）whichleadtoanaccurateinvestigationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Atlast,thispaperproposesanexperimentalsetuptomeasurethesaidconcentrationswiththehelpofanArduinodevelopmentboard（Uno）containingAtmega320microcontroller.

Keywords:

HoneycombphotoniccrystalstructurePhotonicbandgapTransmittedenerg

1.Introduction

Photonicscrystalsaremade,artificiallycreatedmaterialsinwhichrefractiveindexisperiodicallymodulatedinascalecomparabletothescaleofthewavelength.Thoughtheconceptofphotoniccrystalhasoriginatedintheyear1857byLordRayleigh,theresearchworkinthefieldofphotoniccrystalsisrealizedafteralmost100years,whenYablonovitchandJohnpublishedtwomilestonepapersonphotoniccrystalsin1987[1–3],sincethen,photonicshavebeenprogressinghastilyandshowingaremarkableresearchinthefieldofscienceandtechnology.Asfaras,applicationofphotonic-devicesareconcerned,photoniccrystalplayanimportantroletoenvisagevariousapplicationinmoderntechnology[4–6].Thoughphotoniccrystalisusedfordifferentapplication,sensingapplicationisoneofthemajorrelevanceinphotonics.Asfarasliteraturesurveysonsensingapplicationusingphotoniccrystalstructureisconcerned,recentlyfewpapersdealwithsimilartypeofresearch[7–13].Consideringabriefremarkonabovereferences,itisseenthatreference[7]presentsanovelmethodtofindouttheconcentrationofsugar,salt,andalcoholintheiraqueoussolution.Inthiscase,theauthorused2Dphotoniccrystalstructurewith11×11airholes.Alsousingsametechnique,concentrationofPAMhydrogelandstrengthofCygelisinvestigatedinRefs.[8,9],respectively.AlsoinRefs.[10,11],theconcentrationofpotassiumchlorideintheiraqueousandintrallipidinhumanbloodisestimatedusingphotoniccrystalfiber.Apartfromthese,measurementofglycerolinB–H–Gsolutionandconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodisinvestigatedusing3DphotoniccrystalstructureinRefs.[12,13],respectively.ThoughRef.[13]measurestheconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodusing3Dphotoniccrystalstructure,itishardtofabricate3Dowingtophotoniccrystalstructure.Weinthispaperinvestigatetheconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodusing2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Thereasonforchoosingsuchstructureisthatitcanbeeasilyfabricated;secondly,thesestructurespredictaccurateresultascomparedto3Dphotoniccrystalstructure,whichiscarriedoutinRef.[13].

Hemoglobinisamaincomponentoftheblood,whichisimportantfortransportationofoxygeninblood,whichleadstocirculationofbloodinvein.Thiscirculationofhumanbloodsystemhasdefaultfunctions,suchassupplyofoxygentotissues,supplyofnutrientssuchasglucose,aminoacids,andfattyacids,removalofwastesuchascarbondioxide,urea,lacticacid,immunologicalfunctions,includingcirculationofwhitecells,anddetectionofforeignmaterialsbyantibodies,coagulation,messengerfunctions,regulationofbodyPH,regulationohcorebodytemperaturehydraulicfunctionetc.fornormalhumanbody.Adeficiencyofhemoglobininhumanbloodcreatesseriousproblemsuchasdownstreamtissuedysfunction,Leukemia,irondeficiency,anemia,multiplemyeloma,etc.[14–17].Keepingtheimportanceofhemoglobininhumanblood,thispaperestimatestheconcentrationofhemoglobininbothoxygenatedanddeoxygenatedblood.Thispaperisorganizedasfollows:

Section2presentsthestructureofthehoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureincludingtheprincipleofmeasurement.SimulationresultandinterpretationismadeinSection3.Section4proposesanexperimentalsetupandfinallyconclusionsaredrawninSection5.

2.Honeycombstructureandprincipleofmeasurement

Asfarasmeasurementofhemoglobininhumanbloodisconcerned,weuse2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureforthesame,whichisshowninFig.1.Fig.1representshoneycombphotoniccrystalstructurehavinggalliumArsenideasbackgroundmaterialcontainingairholes,wherebloodswithdifferentpercentage（g/L）ofhemoglobinareinfiltrated.Theproposedstructureconsistsof9numbersofairholessuchthatdiameterofairholesis420nmandlatticespacingofthestructureis1m.Theprincipleofmeasurementisbasedonlinearvariationofreflectedenergyandabsorbancewithrespecttoconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Whenlighthavingwavelengthof589nmincidentonhoneycombstructurecontainingbloodwithdifferentpercentageofhemoglobinthen,someamountoflightwillgetreflectandsomeamountoflightwillbeabsorbedbythestructure.Therestamountoflightwillbetransmittedthroughthestructure.Sincetheprincipleisbasedonlinearvariationof

bothreflectedandabsorbance,intensitytransmittedthroughhoneycombstructurealsovarieslinearlywithrespecttohemoglobinconcentrationinthebloodwhichisakeyfactor（linearvariation）torealizeaccurateinvestigationofhemoglobininhumanblood.Weusesimplemathematicalequationtofindoutthereflectedenergy,absorbanceandtransmittedenergyforinvestigationofhemoglobin.Asfaras,energyreflectedfromhoneycombstructureisconcerned,itisobtainedfromdispersiondiagram,whichiscarriedoutbyemployingplanewaveexpansionmethod[18]

Inthiscase,wecomputednormalizedfrequency（a/）fromdispersiondiagram,thenthevaluesofreflectedenergy（ER）iscalculatedusingfollowingsimpleequation:

ER=hc/R,whereRisreflectedwavelength,whichisfoundfromdispersiondiagram.Since,wavelength589nmisusedtoinvestigatehemoglobinconcentration;theenergyofincidentlight（EI）correspondingtothiswavelengthisfoundusingfollowingexpression.EI

（2）whereistheincidentwavelength（589nm）Using

（1）and

（2）,theenergytransmittedthroughthestructureiswrittenasET=E0−ER（3）Eq.（3）representsastransmittedenergywithoutconsiderationofabsorptionloss.However,fromliteratureitisfoundthatGaAsstructureandbloodwithdifferentconcentrationofhemoglobinabsorbsomelightofwavelength,589nm.So,absorptionlossshouldbecogitatedduringthisinvestigation.UsingRef.[19]andemployingMaxwellcurlequation,Eq.（3）ismodifiedasET（4）Fromtheaboveequation,itisseenthatabsorptionlosstakesplaceduetotwofactors,suchasabsorptionlossduetobackgroundmaterialandabsorptionlossduetoblood.Whereiscalledtheabsorptioncoefficientofgalliumarsenidematerialand‘t’isthethicknessofbackgroundorsubstrate.ˇiscalledtheabsorptioncoefficientofbloodatwavelength589nm,whichisexpressedwhereiscalledtheextinctioncoefficientofbloodatwavelength589nmand‘C’istheconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodand‘d’isthediameterofairholes,wherebloodsamplesareinfiltration.Usingtheaboveequation,outputenergythrough2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructureisobtainedcorrespondingtoeachconcentrationofhemoglobininhumanbloodsample.

3.Resultandinterpretation

Fromprevioussection,itisseenthatoutputenergythroughthephotoniccrystalstructurecorrespondingtoeachconcentrationisafunctionofbothreflectedenergyfromthestructureandenergyabsorbedbythestructure.Asbothreflectionenergyandabsorptionlossareimportanttoobtaintransmittedenergy,wedividethissectionintothreesub-sectionssuchthatfirstsub-sectiondiscussesreflectedenergy,secondsub-sectionanalysesabsorptionlossandthentransmittedenergyisgiveninthirdsubsection.

3.1.Reflectedenergy

Weusedispersiondiagramtocomputetheenergyreflectedfromhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Dispersiondiagramisagraphbetweennormalizedfrequency（a/）withwavevector（k）,whichgivesanideaaboutthephotonicbandgaporreflectedenergyfromsamestructure.Sobeforegoingtocomputereflectedenergy,wefocusondispersiondiagramof2Dphotonichoneycombstructurecontaininghumanbloodsamplewithdifferentpercentageofhemoglobin.Thedispersionrelation（relationbetweennormalizedfrequencyandwavevector）dependsonstructureparameterssuchdiameterofholes,latticespacing,refractiveindicesofbothbackgroundandbloodsampleincludingtheconfigurationofthestructure

Inthiscase,weconsiderhoneycombstructurewhoselatticespacingis1manddiameterofairholesis420nm.Usingtheaboveparametersandemployingplanewaveexpansionmethod,simulationismadetoobtainthedispersiongraphof2Dhoneycombphotoniccrystalstructure.Though,wehavemadesimulation

forallconcentrationofhemoglobinfrom0g/Lto120/g/L