跨文化交际重点归纳.docx

跨文化交际重点归纳.docx

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跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳

Unit1InterculturalCommunication

Whatisculture?

Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.

Generallyspeaking,cultureisthewayoflife.

Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.

Thankstoculture,withoutitwecan’tsurviveinsociety

Ametaphor比喻ofculture

Wecompareculturetoiceberg.

Itsuggeststhatonlysmallpartofitisvisiblewhilemostofitliesconcealed.

Habits,dressandmannersarevisible.

Worldview,valuesystems,waysofthinking,nationalcharacterandanyotherdeepconceptsarefoundationofvisiblepart.

“Whereareyougoing?

”

inChina,wegiveageneralanswertoit.

ChinesecultureemphasizesonsocialrelationshipandtheheavyinterdependencebetweenChinesepeople.

Inwesterncountries,itmaybeinterpretedasanintrusionintoone’sprivacy.

Theunderlyingindividual-orientedrelationshipistheinvisiblepartoftheiceberg.

exercise

1.Ifyouareatouristguide,whatareyouexpectedtosaywhenyouareshowingtheforeignvisitorstoanothersite?

A.Thisway,please.B.Comehere,please.

C.Followme,please.D.Moveon.

2.Avisitorstopsyouinthecorridorofyourhead-officeprobablytoaskfortheway.Whatisyourmostlikelyreplytothevisitor’s“Excuseme”?

A.What’sthematter?

B.Yes?

C.That’sallright.D.Don’tworry.

3.Atafair,avisitor,accidentallyhavingknockeddownyourposter,says,“I’mterriblysorry.”Whatshouldyoureply?

A.Itdoesn’tmatter.B.Nevermind.

C.Don’tworry.D.That’sallright.

WhatisInterculturalcommunication?

“Interculturalcommunicationiscontactbetweenpersonswhoidentifythemselvesasdistinctfromoneanotherinculturalterms.”（Collier&Thomas,1998）

interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.（Samovar&Porter）

Tofurtherunderstand“interculturalcommunication”,pleasereadthesectionof“InterculturalCommunicationReading”onP.2andanswerthequestions:

1Inthestory,whydoesPetecouldnotcommunicatewellwithChinesestudents?

Languageproblem

Cultureproblem

ThewayPetehandledtheinterculturalcommunicationsituation

2Whatarethemajorbarriersininterculturalcommunication?

Languagedifference.

（Ifweunderstandothers’languageordialect,butnottheircommunicationrules,wecanmadefluentfoolsofourselves.）

Nonverbalcommunication:

gestures,postures,facialexpressionetc.

Stereotypes:

likeculture,religion,idea,value,etc.

Watchavideoandgetadeeperunderstanding.

ClassificationsofCommunication

verbal/nonverbal

Direct/indirect

Interpersonal/interorganizational/massmedia-based

Intracultural/intercultural

Intrapersonal/interpersonal/…

Casestudy

Readthepassageof“anInterculturalClassroom”.Thisisthebeginningofthispassage:

Itwasahotday.Sinceitwasstilltooearlytousetheair-conditioner,accordingtotheregulationsoftheuniversity,everyclasskeptitsdooropentomaketheclassroomcooler.WhileIwaslecturingonChinesegrammarinClass4,wavesoflaughtercamefromtheneighboringClass5.AGermanstudentnamedStephenraisedhishandandstoodup.“ThelaughterfromClass5isbotheringus.Ithinkweshouldgototheirclasstoprotest,”hesaid….

1HowmanydifferentsolutionsdidClass4propose?

2whatisthemodeofcommunicationfavoredbyAsians?

Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?

Asianpeopleareverycourteousandindirectintheircommunications.Theyputgreatemphasisongroupharmony,theyareverytolerant,evenwhentheyareoffended.Thesecollectivisticvalues,shapedbyConfusionteachings,werespreadfromChinatomanyAsiancountries.

3whatisthemodeofcommunicationfavoredbyWesterners?

Whatculturalvaluesunderlieit?

Westernersaregenerallyverydirectandfrankintheirmodeofcommunication.Andtheyhaveastrongsenseofprotectingtheirownrights.Individualisticvaluesaretheunderlyingprinciplesgoverningtheirbehavior.

Classroomactivity1

1.ReadthestoryonP1andanswer:

Whydoyouthinkthedriverisaskingfor$50insteadof$32.5?

2.Workingroupsandwritedown5waystodealwiththesituation.

Somelikelyinterpretations

ThetaxidriveristryingtocheatLee.

extrachargesforluggagethatLeedoesn’tknowabout.

ExtrachargesfortollsthatLeedoesn’tknow.

Thereisanhonestmisunderstanding.

Leemisunderstoodwhatthedriversaid,ordidn’thearwhathesaidclearly.

Thedriverhasincludedatipforhimself–anunreasonablylargeone.

CultureNote

Taxicharges:

intaxisintheus,itisquitenormaltohaveasmallextrachargeforeachofluggage.Intheustherearealsosometimestollsforbridges,tunnelsandcertainroads.andthetaxidriverwillpaythesefirstandthenaddthemtothecostoftheride.

Tipping:

intheusitisnormaltoaddatipof10%-15%tothecostofataxiride.（tippingisnotnormalinfast-foodrestaurantswherecustomsgettheirownfood.

TaxisintheUs:

whiletaxiscanoftenbefoundatUsairports,taxisarerareinallbutthelargestAmericancities,andtogetataxipeopleoftenneedtocallataxicompany.ThisisbecausemostAmericansdrivetheircars.（inlargecities,taxidriversareoftenimmigrantsformothercountrieswhodonotspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.）

Classroomactivity2

ReadLettertoFran:

NotEatingandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1.WhydidNancyeatsolittle?

2.TellthepossiblereasonsforNancy’sproblem.

Possiblereasons

Onthewhole,AmericancookingtendstobesomewhatmoreblandthanthecookinginmostpartsofChina.

SomewesternershaveallergicreactionstoMSG（oftenusedinChinesecooking）andgetheadachesiftheyeatfoodcontainingit.

SomeChristianswon’tdrinkalcoholicbeverages.

ReadFran’sResponse:

NotEatingafterclassandgetmoreinformation.

DiscussthedifferencesoftablemannersbetweenChineseandWesterners.

Chinesepeopleoftenusewordslikecolor、smell、taste、shapetodescribethefood.

Westernersusuallypaymoreattentiontothecalories、vitamins、proteinsandsoon.

wewouldinvitemanypeople“themorethebetter”

Ifthehostrespectyou,hewillgiveyouaseatatfirstandsitontheleftchair.

Thehostwillprepareallthethingsready.Thehostwillgetdeliciousfoodintotheguest’sbowl.

Westernerswouldliketokeepquiet.Theyregardtherightasasymbolofrespect.

Thehostwilllettheguestschoosewhattoeatordrink.

IndividualistandCollectivist

WhatarethecharacteristicsofIndividualistandCollectivist?

Classroomactivity3

ReadthepassageIndividualistandCollectivistCulturesandfinishthefollowingtasks.

Whataresomedifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivistone?

findoutwaysofhowdoChineseshowindividualismandhowdowesternersshowtheircollectivism.Youmayneedtosupplyyourpointswithexamples.

Assignment:

Reviewunit1andPreviewunit2

Workinteamsof6anddeliverapresentationonfollowingtopics:

Whataredifferencesbetweenanindividualistcultureandacollectivistone?

findoutwaysofhowdoChineseshowindividualismandhowdowesternersshowtheircollectivism.Youmayneedtosupplyyourpointswithexamples.

Unit2

Review:

Interpretation解释、翻译ofgreetings

上哪去？

Whereareyougoing?

It’snoneofyourbusiness!

去哪啦？

Wherehaveyoubeen?

吃过了吗？

Haveyouhadyourmeal?

Areyougoingtoinvitemetodinner?

AcceptableGreetings

中文

出去呀？

吃饭去？

回来了？

忙着呢？

忙什么呢？

在洗车呀？

这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？

你看起来气色不错。

英文

What’sup?

What’shappening?

What’sgoingon?

Lovelyday,isn’tit?

Miserableweather,isn’tit?

It’saheavyrain,isn’tit?

Youlookfantasticinthisdress!

Youlookverysmartinthatsweater.

Unit2

High-contextLowcontextGiftreceivingSelfreliance

privacy

High-contextCulture

（强交际语境文化）

High-contextcommunicationcanbecharacterizedasbeingindirect,ambiguous,andunderstated,withspeakersbeingreservedandsensitivetolisteners.

Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,Mexicoetc.

Low-contextCulture

（弱交际语境文化）

Low-contextcommunicationcanbecharacterizedasbeingdirect,explicit,open,precise,andconsistentwithone’sfeelings.

Examplesoflow-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.

Hallarrangedlow-contextandhigh-contextcountriesonacontinuum（连续统一体）asfollows.

“Thenailthatsticksupwillbepoundeddown.”

Leastsaid,soonestmended

Outofthemouthcomesevil.

---------Japanesesaying

LowContext：

Direct

Minimalnon-verbal

Individualism

LinearLogic（线性逻辑思维）

Highlystructured

Detailed

HighContext

Indirect

Embeddedmeanings

Readsnonverbal

GroupoverIndividual

Contextandfeeling

Spirallogic（螺旋式逻辑思维）

Ambiguousdialog

Communicationstyle

Low-contextcultures

*placelessemphasisonsurroundingcontextthanwords

*takewordsliterally

*valuestraightforwardness

*beuncomfortablewithsilenceandimpatientwithdelays

High-contextcultures

*placemoreemphasisonwordsdescribinganegotiation

*speakwithpoeticfiguresofspeech/enjoyplaysonwords

*valueevasiveness

CaseStudy

Iwilldomybesttodosomething

Inhigh-contextculture

1如果没有意外的话，我会尽量去做。

（也就是说我有可能不去做）。

2婉言谢绝（不直接拒绝是为了保全自己的面子，也是为了保全对方的面子）。

3看情况而定。

（也许会做，也许不会做）。

4我一定会去做。

（不管发生什么，我不会食言）。

Butinlow-contextculture

我肯定去做。

Anothercase

inhighcontextculture

InSouthIndiatheboy’sfamilyhasvisitedthegirl’shomeinordertolookoverthepotentialbrideanddecideuponthemarriage.Afterthevisit,theysendanemissarywhoconveysthismessage“wereallyenjoyedme