武汉大学 博士研究生入学 英语试题及详解.docx
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武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解
PartIReadingComprehension(40%,1=2points)
Directions:
Thereare5readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.
Questions1to4arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauction-roomtomakeoffers,or"bids",forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled"knockingdown"thegoods,forthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum.(definition)→what
TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinAutcio,meaning"increase".TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalledsubhasta,meaning"underthespear",aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,goodswereoftensold"bythecandle":
ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.
(history)→how
Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsasChristie'sandSotheby'sinLondonandNewYorkareworld-famous.(goods/items)→how
Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleda"lot",isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLotIandcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer'sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.(process)→how(363words)
1.Whyistheendofthebiddingcalled"knockingdown"?
(fact/detail)
A.Becausetheauctioneerknocksthebuyerdown.
B.Becausetheauctioneersknockstherostrumdown.
C.Becausethegoodsareknockeddownontothetable.
D.Becausetheauctioneerbangsthetablewithahammer.
2.TheRomansusedtosellbyauction_____.(fact/detail)
A.spoiltgoods
B.oldworn-outweapons
C.propertytakenfromtheenemy
D.spears
3.Acandleusedtobumatauctionsales______.(judgment/inference)
A.becausetheytookplaceatnight
B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather
C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm
D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade
4.Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe"lots"outoftheorderbecause_____.
A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers
B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems
C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting
D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers
(judgment/inference)
Questios5to8arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteorsbutalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.
Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Dosesofradiationaremeasuredinunitscalled'rems'.WeallreceiveradiationhereonEarthfromthesun,fromcosmicraysandfromradioactiveminerals.The'normal'doseofradiationthatwereceiveeachyearisabout100millirems;itvariesaccordingtowhereyoulive,andthisisaveryroughestimate.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthanthiswithoutbeingdamaged,thefigureof60remshasbeenagreed.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage--apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofchildrenorevengrandchildren.what
EarlyspaceprobesshowedthatradiationvariesindifferentpartsofspacearoundtheEarth.Italsovariesintimebecause,whengreatspurtsofgasshootoutofthesun,theyareaccompaniedbyalotofextraradiation.Someestimatesoftheamountofradiationinspace,basedonvariousmeasurementsandcalculations,areaslowas10remsperyear,othersareashighas5remsperhour.MissionstothemoonhavehadtocrosstheVanAllenbeltsofhighradiationand,duringtheoutwardandreturnjourneys,theApollo8crewaccumulatedatotaldoseofabout200milliremsperman.ItwashopedthattherewouldnotbeanylargesolarflaresduringthetimesoftheApollonoonwalksbecausethewallsoftheLEMswerenotthickenoughtoprotectthemeninside,thoughthecommandmodulesdidgivereasonableprotection.Sofar,nodangerousdosesofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheGeminiorbitsandtheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratoryorinabaseonthemoon.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Atpresent,radiationseemstobethegreatestphysicalhazardtospacetravelers,butitisimpossibletosayjusthowseriousthehazardwillturnouttobeinthefuture.
how(422words)
5.Scientistshavefixedasafetylevelof_____.(fact/detail)
A.10remsperyear
B.60remsperyear
C.100milliremesperyear
D.5remshour
6.Thespacemenwereworriedaboutsolarflareswhentheywere______.
A.crossingtheVanAllenbelts
B.settingupamoonbase
C.exploringthesurfaceofthemoon
D.waitinginthecommandmodule
(judgment/inference)
7.Whenmenspendlongperiodsinspacehowwilltheyprotectthemselves?
A.Bytakingspecialdrugs.
B.Bywearingspecialsuits.
C.Byusingaprotectiveblanket.
D.Nosolutionhasbeenfoundyet.
(judgment/inference)
8.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
(judgment/inference)
A.Thegrandchildrenofastronautsaredeformed.
B.Thechildrenofastronautshavedamagedsexorgans.
C.Radiationdamagemayshowonlyinlatergenerations.
D.Radiationdoesnotseemtobeveryharmful.
Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholders.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses'paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptions,sothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.
ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica'slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheirlead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?
ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.What(idea--attitude)
Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss'sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.
Why-what
Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,"independent"boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformance.Why-how
Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover$1billionwhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher'sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany'soverallsuccess.How
Inshort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage--whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:
anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.(360words)What
9.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?
(judgment/inference)
A.Todiversifythebusinessofcorporation
B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.
C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.
D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.
10.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal'sstudysuggest?
(judgment/inference)but
A.Boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult.
B.Outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent.
C.Withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously.
D.Cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssuffere