哈工大考博英语真题.docx
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哈工大考博英语真题
GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.program(HarbinInstituteofTechnology)第一套
PartIReadingComprehension(40points)
Passage1
Questions1----5arebashedonthefollowingpassage.
Theplanet’slastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsago,forestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremiles,orabout40percentofEarth’slandsurface.Today,almosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheax,thechainsaw,thematchstick,orthebulldozer.
AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonlyshowsthelocationsofformerforests,butalsoassessestheconditionoftoday’sforestsworldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorldConservationMonitoringCenter,theWorldWildlifeFund,and90forestexpertsatavarietyofuniversities,governmentorganizations,andenvironmentalgroups.
Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill―frontierforests,‖definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:
Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protectwatersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate.
Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas―frontier‖becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.―There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,‖saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.
Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:
76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;11nationsthatare―ontheedge‖;28countrieswith―notmuchtime‖;andonlyeight----includingCanada,Russia,andBrazil-----thatstillhavea―greatopportunity‖tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:
Inthelower48states,saysBryant,―greatopportunity‖tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:
Inthelower48states,saysBryant,―only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.‖
Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.―Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,‖saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.
Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?
Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.―It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,‖saysBryant,―butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.‖
1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.
B.Thehistoryofecology.
C.Theforestmapinthepast.
D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.
2.Theword―unveiled‖inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.
A.evaluated
B.decorated
C.designed
D.madepublic
3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?
A.Theykeepclimatestable.
B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.
C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.
D.Theyareofvarioustypes.
4.Thephrase―ontheedge‖inParagraph5probablymeans________.
Asurroundedbyfrontierforest
Bnearfrontierforest
Cabouttolosetheirfrontierforest
Dunderpressure
5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.
Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cut
Bexploitmoreforestland
Cfinddirectionseasily
Dprotectformerforests
Passage2
Questions6----10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(2005年9月PETS3真题)
Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:
theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:
itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.
Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?
Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.
Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?
Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?
Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging-----20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday-----butverylittleissalvaged.
Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.
Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!
Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythem,is
clearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.
6.Thesentence―Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries‖meansthat________.
Anotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries
Bmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts
Citisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused
Dthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary
7.Thelocalauthoritiesare_________.
AtheTownCouncil
Bthepolice
Cthepapermanufacturers
Dthemostinfluentialcitizens
8Ifpaperistoberecycled,________.
Amoreforestswillhavetobeplanted
Btheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted
Cpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish
Dthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper
9.Britishdairiesare________.
Aproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweek
Bgivinguptheuseofglassbottles
Cincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottles
Dreusingtheiroldglassbottles
10.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat________.
Amoreplasticpackagingshouldbeused
Bplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging
Ctoomuchplasticiswasted
Dshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers
Passage3
Questions11-----18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.(找到了出处)
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:
washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets,Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.
Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.
Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby―landvalue‖.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:
itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.―Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse‖becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe―vertical‖growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestion
istocreatenoreofit.
Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown,ifitisnotcombinedwithr