Unit 3 Science versus nature Grammar 教学设计 1.docx
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Unit3ScienceversusnatureGrammar教学设计1
Unit3ScienceversusnatureGrammar教学案1
过去分词
A、过去分词的意义
来自及物动词的过去分词所表示的是被动意义;来自不及物动词的过去分词则表示主动意义;除了作形容词用的过去分词以外,过去分词结构一般带有完成意义。
1、表示被动意义和完成意义
如:
Iheardthedooropened.
过去分词结构一般表示被动已完成,就是说,过去分词结构所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作。
如:
writteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread.(=thebookthathasbeenwritten.)
Heaskedforacupoficedboiledwater.(=waterthathadbeenboiledandtheniced)
2、表示主动意义和完成意义
不及物动词的过去分词不能表示被动意义,只能表示主动的完成意义。
可以这样用的不及物动词为数不多。
如:
fallenleaves(=leavesthathavefallen)
therisensun(=thesunthathasrisen)
主要有rise,fall,go,escape,develop,return,retire(退休),grow等。
3、表示状态或被动
如:
Thelibraryisnowclosed.
Theroadwascompleted.
Sheseemedquiteexcitedatthenews.
Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidbythehour.
B、过去分词在句中的功能
1、过去分词结构作表语
作表语的过去分词大都来自及物动词,用在SVC句型中,说明主语所处的状态。
如:
S+V+C
Thedoorremainedlocked.门仍然锁着
Don’tgetexcited.别激动
Heseemedquitedelighted.他似乎很高兴
You’requitemistaken.你全错了
I’minterestedinhistory.我对历史很感兴趣
能这样用的过去分词常见的有:
decided,delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,astonished,hurt,frightened,excited,crowded,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,surprised,tired,worried,unexpected,etc.
作表语用的过去分词还可以用于倒装句中,置于句首。
如:
Gonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheyliked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
2、过去分词结构作定语
1)单个过去分词作定语
如果单个过去分词作定语,常置于所修饰的名词前。
用作前置修饰语的过去分词,有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词。
用作前置定语的来自于及物动词的过去分词多数表示被动意义和完成意义。
如:
Theinjuredmanwasrushedtohospital.
Allthebrokenwindowshavebeenrepaired.
又如:
awell-keptsecret一个保守得很好的秘密;acrowdedbus拥挤的公交车
fallenleaves落叶;pollutedwater/air
Herjobwastotakecareofthewoundedsoldier.
Theworkersdemandincreasedwages
*有些单个的过去分词如:
left(剩余的),given(所给的),concerned(有关的),习惯上用作后置定语。
如:
There’snotimeleft.thepeopleconcerned,thebookgiven
*有时单个的过去分词放在所修饰的名词后面,这种后置定语往往具有暂时性,其动作意味较强。
如:
Hetooktheletterwrittentothepost.
2)过去分词短语作后置定语
过去分词短语作定语常用三种时态:
done….:
表示动作已发生;tobedone:
表示动作
将要发生;beingdone:
表示动作正在发生。
对比以下三句:
如:
Thebridgebuiltlastyear(whichwasbuiltlastyear)isverybeautiful.
Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonth(whichwillbebuiltnextmonth)willbeverylong.
Thebridgebeingbuilt(whichisbeingbuilt)willbecompletednextmonth.
作后置定语的过去分词短语一般多带有修饰语或其他成分。
后置过去分词结构在句法功能上相当于定语从句,是非限制性定语从句的一种形式。
如:
Thenovelabouttheunderseawaristhebestofitskindeverwritten.
=(thathaseverbeenwritten.)
YourletterdatedMarch10hasbeenreceived.=(whichwasdated)
They’reproblemsleft=(whichhavebeenleft)overbyhistory.
Suddenlythereappearedayounggirldressed.=(whowasdressed)inred.
有些过去分词放在名词前面时,可以说已经转移为形容词了,其词汇意义与后置定语的过去分词不同。
试比较:
如:
Themethodusedisveryefficient.(作“用的”解)
Thisisausedbook.(作“旧的”解)
ThebookgiventohimisanEnglishgrammar.(作“给”解)
Wemetatagiventime.(作“特定的”解)
不及物动词的过去分词不可能有被动的意义,因此,不能象及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面。
如不能说:
如:
ThetrainarrivedatPlatform3isfromNanjing.
应该说:
ThetrainwhichhasarrivedatPlatform3isfromNanjing.
Iknownothingaboutthethingshappenedyesterday.
应该说:
Iknownothingaboutthethingsthathappenedyesterday.
3、过去分词作宾语或主语补足语
作宾语补足语的过去分词大多来自于及物动词,表示被动意义和完成意义,说明宾语所处的状态。
过去分词作宾语补足语时,和在它前面的宾语构成“宾语+过去分词”的复合宾语。
在这种宾语带过去分词的结构中,宾语与过去分词的关系时意义上的主谓关系(体现被动和完成意义),或者说,宾语时过去分词的逻辑宾语。
因此,这也是复杂宾语的一种形式。
可以带有过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:
1)see,hear,watch,feel,think,notice,find等表示感觉和心理状态的动词:
e.g.Wesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.
Ithoughtmypurselost.
Ifeltmyselfknockeddown.
Peoplefoundthewaterpolluted.
Everyonethoughtthebattlelost.
Wefoundhergreatlychanged.
2)make,get,have,keep,help等表示“致使”意义的动词:
e.g.I’vealreadyhadmycarcleaned.
Theykepteverythinglocked/
Wehavemadeourviewsknowntoallofthem.
Hewastryinghardtomakehimselfunderstood.
Janegotherbadtoothpulledoutatthedentist’s.
Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.
2)like,want,wish,order,expect等表示“愿望,希望,要求”等意义的动词。
e.g.Theteacherexpectedthestudents(tobe)well-preparedfortheexamination.
Iwantthehousewhitewashedbeforewemovein
Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.
注、不及物动词的过去分词能作宾语补语的很少。
如:
Theyfoundtheguestsgone.
4、过去分词作宾语补语的句子,有些可以变为被动结构。
在被动结构中,改过去分词变为主语补语,说明主语所处的状态。
例如:
e.g.Thedoorwasfoundlocked.
Thecarlayinthepit,broken.
Thequestionsdiscussedhavenotbeenmadeknowntousyet.
注、在上述结构中,有些动词如get,have,want,like,wish等作谓语时,该种句子不能转换成被动句。
在能转换成被动语态的句子中,原来的宾语补足语就变成主语补足语。
C、现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词和过去分词的区别主要在于“时间”和“语态”两个方面:
1、时间区别
一般来说,现在分词表示正在进行的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
比较:
fallingflowers正在飘落的花;fallenflowers落花(已落下的花)
boilingwater正在沸腾的水;boiledwater已烧开过的水
Oursisadevelopingcountryandtheirsisadevelopedcountry.
我们的国家是一个发展中国家,而他们的国家是发达国家。
Hefoundthecitychangingeveryday.
他发现这座城市每天都在变。
Hefoundthecitygreatlychanged.
他发现这座城市大大地改观了。
2、语态区别
现在分词表示主动的意思,所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者;过去分词则表示被
动的意思,所修饰的人与物是分词动作的承受者。
比较:
anexcitingspeech一个激动人心的报告(=aspeechthatexcitespeople)
excitedaudiences激动的观众(=audienceswhoareexcitedby---)
thesurprisingnews令人吃惊的消息(=thenewsthatsurprisespeople)
thesurprisedboy受了惊吓的男孩(=theboywhoissurprisedby---)
amovingfilm一部感人的影片(=afilmthatmovespeople)
themovedstudents受感动的学生们(=thestudentswhoaremovedby---)
Sheheardsomeoneclosingthedoor.她听见有人在关门。
(主动)
Sheheardthedoorclosed.她听见门被关上了。
(被动)
过去分词练习
I.用过去分词合并两句句子
1.Aliceenteredthelivingroom.Alicewasfollowedbyherboyfriend.
2.Thedoctoriswellknownforhismedicalknowledgeandskills.
Thedoctorisabletohelplotsofpatients.
3.Theparkisthemostbeautifulplaceinthecity.Itwasdestroyedbythestormlastnight.
4.ThestampswerecollectedbyJane.Thesestampswereprintedin1945and1968.
5.TomwassurprisedatwhatBerryhaddone.Hedidn’tknowwhattosayatfirst.
6.Thecupisbroken.Thecupislyingontheground.
II.完成下列句子
1.Thefiremenweretryingtorescue__________________(在顶层楼上被大火围困的人们).
2.Theyimmediatelytook___________________(在交通事故中严重受伤的那位妇女)toanearbyhospital.
3._____________(被警察带走的那个男人)maybesentencedtodeathforkillingalittlegirl.
4.Idoubtiftheir___________________(在这么短的时间里所做的实验)willbesuccessful.
5.____________________(由于被狗咬伤),sheshouldbesenttoahospitaltobeexamined.:
III综合练习
1.Nooneenjoys__________funofinpublic.
A.makingB.beingmadeC.tobemadeD.havingbeenmade
2.Iwon’thavemyhouse_____________intoahotel.
A.turnB.turningC.turnedD.toturn
3.—Bytheway,whendidyougetyourbedroom_____________?
—Lastweek.
A.topaintB.paintedC.paintingD.tobepainted
4.Thematterhadbetter___________asitis.
A.leaveB.beingleftC.leftD.beleft
5.IstudiesEnglishinprisonfromateach-yourselfbook,butIhaveneverheardawordofit__________.
A.speakingB.spokenC.tospeakD.beingspoken
6.Iwantedtohavehim_____thejob,buthehadit___________instead.
A.do;doneB.does;bedoneC.todo;doingD.todo;done
7.Whocouldhaveimaginedsuchasweet-temperedgirlasAlice_______suchathing!
A.doingB.todoC.willdoD.does
8.Hemanagedtomakehimself______withhis_____________English.
A.understand;breakingB.understand;broken
C.understood;breakingD.understood;broken
9.Ifyouwantaletter__________,youmustkeepinmindseveralruleswhile_____________,
A.written;writtenB.wellwritten;writing
C.wellwritten;writtenD.wellwritten;write
10.Theystillrememberedthehappyyears_______togetherinthecountry.
A.whentheyB.whichspentC.spenthappilyD.theyhadfor
11.Wearetoldthatourbabyisshortofsomething_________byvitaminpills.
A.suppliedB.thatcansupplyC.canbesuppliedD.whichsupplied
12.Yourexplanationleftmeevenmore____________.
A.toconfuseB.confuseC.confusedD.confusing
13.____________bywhathesaid,hiswifecouldnotholdbackhertears.
A.TobedeeplymovedB.Havingdeeplymoved
C.DeeplymovedD.Movingdeeply
14.Thelecture_________willbeheretomorrow.
A.totalkaboutsomuchB.tobetalkingaboutsomuch
C.somuchtalkingaboutD.somuchtalkedabout
15._________inthefog,wewereforcedtospendtwohoursinthewoods.
A.ToloseB.LostC.LosingD.Havinglost
16.Thismethod,_______inareasnearShanghai,_______inamarkedriseintotalproduction.
A.trying;resultingB.tried;resultedC.trying;resultedD.tried;resulting
17.YouarerequestedtobepresentattheEnglishevening________inthehall.
A.beingheldB.heldC.tobeheldD.holding
18._______farawayyouare,youarealwaysinourthoughts.
A.NomatterhowB.NomatterwhatC.EventhoughD.Inspiteof
19.________herownmeasure,thedressfitsherperfectly.
A.HavingbeenmadewithB.TobemadeforC.MakingD.Madeto
20.Thestudentinsistedthathe_____notwrongandthathisteacher_____anapologytohim.
A.be;makeB.was;madeC.was;makeD.be;made
21.Heopenedhismouthasif_______something.
A.sayingB.tosayC.saidD.say
22.______thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.
A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven
23.Nocomputersofar_________canhavethesameabilityashumanbrains.
A.bebuiltB.havingbuiltC.beingbuiltD.built
24.Mr.Smith,_________ofthe________speech,startedtoreadanovel.
A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boring
25.—Doyoustillremembertheaccident?
—Yes,actuallyIhaveexperiencednothing________.
A.butfrighteningB.exceptfrighteningC.morefrightenedD.morefrightening
26.Theteachingdeskremains________withdus