专业英语八级.docx

专业英语八级.docx

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专业英语八级

专业英语八级2011年

（总分：

100.00，做题时间：

90分钟）

一、PARTⅠLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION（总题数：

0，分数：

0.00）

二、SECTIONA（总题数：

1，分数：

10.00）

（分数：

10.00）

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

outsidethemessage）

解析：

[听力原文]1-10

ParalinguisticFeaturesofLanguage

Goodmorning,everyone.Todaywe'lllookatculture,orratherclassificationsofcultures.Usuallywhenwedealwithdifferentpeople,wedealwiththemasifwewereallmembersofthesameculture.However,it'spossiblethatpeoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentassumptionsabouttheworld,regardingsuchimportantandbasicideasastime,personalspace.AndthisistheviewofEdwardHall.AndEdwardHallisananthropologistwhospentalargepartofhislifestudyingAmericanIndians,theirculture,theirlanguage.Buthewasdifferentfromalotofotheranthropologistswhojuststudyoneculture.Hewasinterestedintherelationsbetweencultures,howculturesinteract.WhatHallbelievesisthatculturescanbeclassifiedbyplacingthemonacontinuumrangingfromwhathecalledhigh-contexttolow-context.

OK,whatisahigh-contextculture?

Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oranevent,carriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.（1;2）Whatthismeansisthatinahighcontextculturemoreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.

Now,letmegiveyouexamples．First，（3）intermsofpersonalspace,generallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethere'sgreaterdependenceongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople.Andtheyhavelessrespectforprivacy,forpersonalspace.Ifyougointothatculture,peoplemightstandcloserwhentheyaretalkingtoyou.Theymighttouchmoreandiftheyarejostledinacrowd,theywon'tfeelviolated.Andalso（4）peoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguagebecause,rememberwhatIsaid,

（2）thedefinitionofahigh-contextcultureisthatmoreattentionispaidtothecontextofthemessagethantothemessageitself.Andpartofthecontextisbodylanguage．

Second,intermsoftime,peopleinhigh-contextculturesareconsideredtohavewhatiscalledapolychronicattitudetowardtime.（5）Here"poly"meansmultipleand"chronic"meanstime.Whatthismeansisthattheybelievepeople,things,events,havetheirowntime.Andtherecan'tbeastandardsystemoftimeforeverything.Whatthisleadsthemtobelieveisthatyoucan'temphasizepunctuality.Thingshappenwhentheyaresupposedtohappen.Sothere'sadifferentattitudetowardtime.There'snosetstandardoftime.Youcan'tcontroltime.Everythinghasitsownsenseoftime．Soit'saculturethatpayslittleattentiontotime,toclocktime.

Now,let'smoveontolow-contextculture.Alow-contextcultureisjusttheopposite.Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theevent,ortheaction,isaseparateentityhavingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext.（6）Thatis,themessage,theevent,theaction,hasmeaninginitself.Sowhatthismeansinalow-contextcultureisthatpeoplepaymoreattentiontotheeventitself,ratherthantothecontextwhichsurroundstheeventorthemessage.

Forexample,intermsofpersonalspaceagain,there'smoreemphasisonindividuality.Sotheconceptofprivacyisvery,veryimportant.OrasbeforeasIsaid,inahigh-contextculture,theymightnotevenbeconcernedwithprivacyorpersonalspace.Butinalow-contextculture,there'safeelingthatweeachhaveourownpersonalspace.Ifyougettooclose,ifyoudon'tknockondoorsbeforeentering,that'saninvasionofprivacy.Peoplefeelviolated.There'sarespectanddesireforprivacy.Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything.（7）Theyarenotgoingtoworryaboutallthedetailsaroundit.Whatyousayistheimportantthing,orwhatyoudoistheimportantthing.

Anotherexampleofalow-contextcultureispeople'sattitudetowardstime.Intermsoftime,Isaidbefore,therewasapolychronicsenseoftimeinahigh-contextculture.（8）Whatdoyouthinktherewouldbeinalow-contextculture?

Monochronic.Right.Amonochronicsenseoftimeandbythatwemeanthatthere'sonetime.Andthatconceptmeansthatpeopleinalow-contextculturebelievethatthere'sonestandardoftimeandthatshouldbeforeverythingandsoarenotwillingtohear"Oh,thetrafficwasheavy.That'swhyI'mlate."or"Oh,Isleptlate."（9）Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlatenessbecausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.Thereshouldn'tbeallthisflexibilitywithtimeandtheyexpectpunctuality.Andtheylookattimeasalmostacommoditythattheyuseexpressionslike"usetime","towastetime","tospendtime",or"Timeismoney."Alloftheseexpressionsreinforcetheconceptthattimeisactually.somethingyoucanholdonto.

So,whatthisisallaboutisthatHallstressesthatpeopleneedtobeawareofthesedifferentassumptionsorconceptsaboutreality.Andhethinksthatthishasallkindsofrelevance,nomatterwhatyouaredoing.Ifyouareinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyouaredealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.（10）Inanymulticulturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.

OK.Today,we'vetakenabrieflookatEdwardHall'sviewofculture,mainlyhisclassificationofhighorlow-contextculturewithsomeexamples.Nextweek,we'lllookatsomemoreexamplesofculturesonthecontinuumbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextcultures.

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

thecontext）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

involvement/closenesstopeople）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

bodylanguage）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

multiple）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

inthemessage）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

whatyoudo/whatyousay）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

monochronic）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

lateness）

解析：

填空项1:

__________________ （正确答案：

importance）

解析：

三、SECTIONB（总题数：

1，分数：

5.00）

（分数：

5.00）

（1）.AccordingtoDr.Harley,whatmakeslanguagelearningmoredifficultafteracertainage?

（分数：

1.00）

 A.Differencesbetweentwolanguages.

 B.Decliningcapacitytolearnsyntax. √

 C.Lackoftimeavailable.

 D.Absenceofmotivation.

解析：

[听力原文]1-5

W:

Goodmorning,Dr.Harley.Thankyouverymuchforcomingonourradiotalk.Weknowthatyouareanappliedlinguistspecializinginsecondlanguageacquisition.

M:

Right.

W:

So,today,urn,we'lllookatthisissue.Now,first,Dr.Harley,couldyoupleasetelluswhatissecondlanguageacquisition?

M..Well,secondlanguageacquisitionis,happenswhenachildoranadulthasalreadybecomecompetentatalanguage.Andthen,ah,theyattempttolearnanother.

W:

OK.（5）Mostpeoplethink,includingme,itisdifficulttolearnanotherlanguage.Whatarethereasons?

Whyisitso?

M:

Well,thereareanumberofreasonsforthis.Ah,first,therehavebeenresearchstudies.

（1）Theyhaveshownthatsomeaspectsoflanguagelearning,especiallysyntax,aremoredifficultbeyondacertainage,say,afteraround12yearsofage.

W:

So,ageplaysanimportantroleinlanguagelearning.

M:

Yes.Butthat'snottheonlyreason.

W:

Oh,isthatso?

M:

Yes.Forexample,timeandinterest.Oldchildrenandadultsoftenhavelesstimeandmotivationtolearnasecondlanguage.

W:

Hmm.

M":

Anotherisrelatedtothesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenone'smothertongueandasecondlanguage.Wefindthatlearnerswillexperiencedifficultywhentheirmothertongueandthesecondlanguagetheyarelearningdiffer.Ingeneral,themoreidiosyncraticafeatureisinaparticularlanguage,relativetootherlanguages,themoredifficultitwillbetoacquireit.

W:

Perhapsthisisthekeyissue.Differencesbetweenlanguagescauselanguagelearningproblems.

M:

Well,thismaybeoneoftheissueshere.Butthiscannotbethewholestory.

（2）Asnotalldifferencesbetweenlanguagescausedifficulty.Letmegiveyouanexample.

W:

OK.

M:

（2）ResearchhasfoundthatmanyerrorsbyCzechspeakerslearningEnglishweremadeonsyntacticconstructionsinwhichthetwolanguagesdonotdiffer.

W:

Oh,really?

Thepictureismorecomplicatedthanwe'veimagined.

M:

Definitelyyes.Eachlanguagelearningsituationisdifferent.Soreasonsvaryalotfromcasetocase.

W:

Now,Dr.Harley,sincelearningasecondlanguageisadifficultprocess,youknow,inonewayoranother,（5）arethereanymethods,sofar,effectivemethodstoteachasecondlanguage?

M:

Thereagain,nomethodisabsolutelyeffectiveinallsituations.Somemayproveeffective.Othersmaynot.Imean,alldependingonspecificconditions.Butgenerallyspeaking,thereareanumberofmethodsthathavebeenusedtoteachasecondlanguage.

W:

Couldyoumentionafew?

M:

Forinstance,（3）thereisthetraditionalmethod.Thismethodisbasedontranslationfromonelanguagetoanotheranditemphasizesgrammarteaching.

W:

Hmm.

M:

Andthenyouhavedirectmethodwhichfocusesonconversationalskillsandallteachingmustbecarriedoutinthesecondlanguage.

W:

Oh,Isee.Anyothermethods?

M:

Yes.Forexample,theaudiolingualmethod.Thismethodemphasizesspeakingandlisteningbeforereadingandwriting.

W:

Howinteresting!

M:

Thenyouhavetheimmersionmethod.Thismethodteacheslearnersexclusivelythroughthemediumofthesecondlanguage.

W:

How?

M:

Well,itsimplymeansthatyoucannotspeakmothertongue.Everythingmustbedoneinthelanguageyouarel