第1 册修辞总结.docx

第1 册修辞总结.docx

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第1册修辞总结

Rhetoricaldevices

•Metaphor

•Simile

•Hyperbole

•Parallelism

•Personification

•Antithesis

•Euphemism

•Alliteration

Metonym

father:

（Metaphor）heretheauthororthemanwhocreatedthesetwounforgettablecharacters

•idyllic:

adj.ofasimpleandhappyperiodoflife,ofteninthecountryside;simpleandhappy/pleasant田园诗的,简朴且无忧无虑的

•idyll['aidl]:

（n.）shortpieceofpoetryorprosethatdescribesahappyandpeacefulsceneorevent,esp.ofcountrylife田园诗cruise:

sailing/voyage/journey/travelbyshipontheseaforpleasure航行，漫游Acruiseisaholidayduringwhichyoutravelonashipandvisitlotsofplaces.

HuckFinn’sidylliccruisethrougheternalboyhood:

•Explanation:

HuckFinn’ssimpleandpleasantjourneythroughhisboyhoodwhichseemseternal.

•HuckFinn,fleeinghisterrifyingfatherwhowasadrunkard,andJim,anescapedslave,astheytraveldowntheMississippiinsearchoffreedom,encounterednoendofcolorfulcharactersalongtheway.

TomSawyer'sendlesssummeroffreedomandadventure:

•“Endless”isalsoahyperbole;Itparallelstheword“eternal”.

•Summer,becausealltheadventuresofTomSawyerdescribedinthebookaresupposedtohavetakenplaceinoneparticularsummer.

•AnimaginativeandmischievousboynamedTomSawyerliveswithhisAuntPollyintheMississippiRivertownofSt.Petersburg,Missouri.

Explanation:

MarkTwainisfamoustomostAmericansasthecreatorofHuckFinnandTomSawyer.Huck'ssailing/voyage/journey/travelontheriverwassopleasant,lighthearted,carefree,simpleandanddangerousactivitiesmadethesummerseemeverlasting.

•（MarkTwainisknowntomostAmericansastheauthorofTheAdventuresofTomSawyeranditssequelHuckleberryFinn,whicharegenerallyacknowledgedtobehisgreatestworks.）

Whatistheimplicationofthetwoadjectives"eternal"and"endless"?

•---Thetwocharactersareimmortalizedandliveforeverinreaders’memory.

•Indeed,thisnation'sbest-lovedauthorwaseverybitasadventurous,patriotic,romantic,andhumorousasanyonehaseverimagined.

•everybit:

altogether;entirelyeverybitas:

（infml.）justas,quiteas

adventurous:

MarkTwainwasadventurousineverysenseoftheword.Hewasalwaystryingnewthings,andalwaysgoingtonewplaces.Eveninhisliterarycareer,hewasneversatisfiedwithwhathehadachieved.patriotic:

ItreferstoMarkTwain'sprofoundloveforhiscountrywithitsrobustpeople,beautifulsceneryanditsloftyideals.ItmayalsorefertohisprideintheAmericantraditionsandtheAmericanlanguage.

romantic:

（inart,literatureandmusic）markedbyfeelingratherthanbyintellect;preferringgrandeur,passionandinformalbeauty

•humorous:

HisworksaresofullofhumorthatheisconsideredAmerica'sgreatesthumorist.

IfoundanotherTwainaswell:

•---IfoundanotheraspectofTwain.

•cynical:

sarcastic,sneering:

seeinglittleornogoodinanything（acynicalremark/attitude）

•Acynicalpersonbelievesthatallmenareselfish.Heseeslittleornogoodinanythingandshowsthisbymakingunkindandunfairremarksaboutpeopleandthings.

•cynic:

（n.）personwhobelievesthatpeopledonotdothingsforgood,sincereornoblereasons,butonlyfortheirownadvantage

•deal（dealt）:

give;giveout;distribute分派，施以，给予

•（sentencestructureofthispart:

Saddenedbytheprofoundpersonaltragedieslifedealthim,hegrewcynical,bitter.）

•profoundpersonaltragedies:

SeeParagraph20,"Personaltragedyhauntedhisentirelife,..."

•…amanwhobecameobsessedwiththefrailtiesofthehumanrace,whosawclearlyaheadablackwallofnight:

（metaphor）

•obsess:

preoccupywithsth.onone’smind;fillthemindcontinuously;worrycontinuouslyandunnecessarily使分心;困绕

•Ifsth.obsessesyouorifyouareobsessedwithit,youkeepthinkingaboutitoveralongperiodoftime,andfinditdifficulttothinkaboutanythingelse,esp.toanabnormaldegree.

•beobsessedwith/by:

bedistressedby萦绕，困扰，着迷

•e.g.:

Hewasobsessedwithacravingformaterialisticgratification.

•（他一心追求物质享受。

）

•frailty:

aweaknessofcharacterorbehavior

obsessedwiththefrailtiesofthehumanrace:

continuallydistressedbythemoralweaknessesofthehumanrace

•ablackwallofnight:

•（metaphor）hopelessnessanddespair

•Trampprinter,riverpilot,Confederateguerrilla,prospector,starry-eyedoptimist,acid-tonguedcynic:

•tramp:

apersonwhohasnohomeorpermanentjobandverylittlemoney.Hehastotrampfromplacetoplacegettingfoodandmoneybytakingoccasionaljoborbegging.

Whenusedasaverb,“tramp”alsomeanstowalkheavily.

•e.g.:

There'satrampatthedoorbeggingforfood.

•pilot:

asteersman,apersonwhohasspecialknowledgeofaparticularstretchofwater,esp.theentranceofaharbor,andwhoistrainedandspeciallyemployedtogoonboardandguideshipsthatuseit.Heislicensedtodirectorsteershipsintooroutofaharbororthroughdifficultwaters.

•guerrilla（guerilla）:

amemberofanunofficialfightinggroupwhichattackstheenemyinsmallgroupsunexpectedly（cf.gorilla大猩猩）

•Confederateguerrilla:

aguerrillafighterwhosupportedthesouthernConfederacy（thewarfoughtbetweenthenorthernstates—FederalStatesortheUnionandthesouthernstates—theConfederacyorconfederateStatesofAmerica）

ConfederateStatesofAmerica（1861-65）,alsoConfederacy.WhenpresidentLincolnwaselected（Nov.1860）,sevenstates—SouthCarolina,Georgia,Louisiana,Mississippi,Florida,Alabama,andTexas,seceded/si'si:

d/.ThegovernmentwasestablishedbythesouthernstatesoftheUSaftertheirsecession/officialseparationfromtheunioninoppositiontotheproposedabolition（v.abolish）ofslavery.Thenthewarbrokeout.Thesouthernstatesweredefeatedandtheslaverywasabolished.

•prospector:

onewhoexploresandsearchesforvaluableoressuchasgold,silver,oil,etc.

•starry:

fullofstarsinthesky,indicatingsparkling,glowing,andflashing

•starrysky（繁星点点的天空）;acoldstarrynight（星光闪闪的寒夜）;starryeyes明眸

•starry-eyed:

romantic,dreamy;withtheeyessparklinginaglowofwonder,romance,visionarydreams;fullofunreasonable,impracticalorsillyhopes不切实际的；空想的

•Ifyouarestarry-eyed,youaresofullofdreamsorhopesoridealisticthoughtsthatyoudonotseehowthingsreallyare.

•astarry-eyedoptimist不切实际的乐天派

•acid-tongued:

sharp,bitter,sarcasticinspeech

•cynic:

（n.）personwhobelievesthatpeopledonotdothingsforgood,sincereornoblereasons,butonlyfortheirownadvantage

•ThemanwhobecameMarkTwainwasbornSamuelLanghorneClemensandherangedacrossthenationformorethanathirdofhislife,digestingthenewAmericanexperiencebeforesharingitwiththeworldaswriterandlecturer.

•range:

（afairlyliteraryuse）travelwithoutanydefiniteplanordestinatio

•rangedacrossthenation:

wanderedortraveledacrossthenation

•digest:

a.Whenyoudigestfood,thefoodpassesthroughyourstomachandisbrokendownsothatyourbodycanuseit.

•b.Ifyoudigestinformation,youthinkaboutit,understandit,andrememberit;gothroughandunderstand（Metaphor）

thenewAmericanexperience:

•TheMexican-AmericanWarwasthefirstmajorconflictdrivenbytheideaof"ManifestDestiny"（命定扩张说：

19世纪美国鼓吹对外侵略扩张为天命所定。

）;thebeliefthatAmericahadaGod-givenright,ordestiny,toexpandthecountry'sbordersfrom'seatoshiningsea'.ThisbeliefwouldeventuallycauseagreatdealofsufferingformanyMexicans,NativeAmericansandUnitedStatescitizens.

•FollowingtheearlierTexasWarofIndependencefromMexico,tensionsbetweenthetwolargestindependentnationsontheNorthAmericancontinentgrewasTexaseventuallybecameaU.S.state.Disputesovertheborderlinessparkedmilitaryconfrontation,helpedbythefactthatPresidentPolkeagerlysoughtawarinordertoseizelargetractsoflandfromMexico.

•FollowingtheearlierTexasWarofIndependencefromMexico,tensionsbetweenthetwolargestindependentnationsontheNorthAmericancontinentgrewasTexaseventuallybecameaU.S.state.Disputesovertheborderlinessparkedmilitaryconfrontation,helpedbythefactthatPresidentPolkeagerlysoughtawarinordertoseizelargetractsoflandfromMexico.

thewestwardexpansion:

sharingitwiththeworldaswriterandlecturer:

•---Twaintoldpeopleintheworldabouttheexperienceofthenewly-foundednationinbothhiswritingsandhisspeeches.

•（Whendenotingprofessionalstatus,sometimes,noarticleisused,especiallywhentwoormoreprofessionsarementionedtogether,e.g.soldierandstatesman,poetanddiarist.）

Headoptedhispennamefromthecryheardinhissteamboatdays,signalingtwofathoms（12feet）ofwater—anavigabledepth.

•adopt:

totakeanduseasone'sown

•e.g.:

Congresshasadoptedthenewmeasures.

•adoptaname/acustom/anidea/astyleofdress

•Havingnochildrenoftheirown,theydecidedtoadoptanorphan.

signal:

makesignalswhichindicates/symbolizes

•fathom:

aunitofmeasurement（6feetor1.8meters）forthedepthofwater

•navigable:

deepandwideenoughtoallowshipstotravel

•Hispopularityisattestedbythefactthatmorethanascoreofhisbooksremaininprint,andtranslationsarestillreadaroundtheworld.

•attest:

（vt.&vi）showtobetrue,giveproofof,declaresolemnly;prove/testify/verify　证明；明

•e.g.:

Hisworkattestshisindustry（diligence）.

•inprint:

（ofabook）availablefromthepublisher　　

•Thegeographiccore,inTwain'searlyyears,wasthegreatvalleyoftheMississippiRiver,mainarteryoftransportationintheyoungnation'sheart.

•arteryandheart:

metaphors.Botharteryandheartareuse