英语语法大攻克直接间接引语.docx

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英语语法大攻克直接间接引语.docx

英语语法大攻克直接间接引语

直接引语与间接引语

一、学习目标

•1.掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法;

•2.进一步熟练过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)。

二、学习重点难点

•1.直接引语(DirectSpeech)是指原封不动的引用原话,把它放在引号内,例如:

•Mothertoldme,“Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkfirst,thenyoucangooutandplaywithyourfriends.”

•Theysaid,“Wewanttohavearest.”

•间接引语(ReportedSpeech,又叫IndirectSpeech)即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。

上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:

•MothertoldmethatIshouldfinishmyhomeworkfirstandthenIcouldgooutandplaywithmyfriends.

•Theysaidtheywantedtohavearest.

•2.当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。

有下面几种情况:

•1)现在时间推移到过去时间

•所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。

例如:

•Shesaid,“Iamhungry.”

•->Shesaid(that)shewashungry.

•Hesaid,“Thefamilyarefightingamongthemselves.”

•->Hesaid(that)thefamilywerefightingamongthemselves.

•Tomsaid,“Ihavefoundwhat’swrongwiththecomputer.”

•->Tomsaidhehadfoundwhatwaswrongwiththecomputer.

•在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:

•a)当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:

•Hesaid,“Theword‘laser’isanacronym(首字母缩略词).”

•->Hesaidtheword‘laser’isanacronym.

•b)当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:

•“I’mforty,”hesaid.

•->Hesaidheisforty.

•c)当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:

•Hesaid,“Itmustbeprettylate.Ireallymustgo.”

•->Hesaiditmustbeprettylate,andhereallymustgo.

•Hesaid,“Youmustn’tsmokeintheroom.”

•->HesaidImustn’tsmokeintheroom.

•2)过去时间推移到过去的过去

•这里需要注意以下几点:

•a)当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。

例如:

•Hesaid,“Ididn’tknowyou.”

•->Hesaidhehadn’tknownme.

•当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。

例如:

•Annsaid,“Shewasbornin1981.”

•->Annsaidshewasbornin1981.

•b)过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。

例如:

•Robertsaid,“IwasjokingwithMary.”

•->RobertsaidhehadbeenjokingwithMary.

•RobertsaidhewasjokingwithMary.

•c)过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。

例如:

•Hesaid,“Wehadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.”

•->Hesaidtheyhadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.

•d)时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。

例如:

•Johnsaid,“WhenIlivedinLondonIoftensawJane.”

•->JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonhehadoftenseenJane.

•JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonheoftensawJane.

•3)将来时间推移到过去将来时间

•最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。

例如:

•Hesaid,“We’respendingnextweekendathome.”

•->Hesaidtheywerespendingthenextweekendathome.

•Shesaid,“Themilkwillgooff(变质)ifyoudon’tdrinkittoday.”

•->ShesaidthemilkwouldgooffifIdidn’tdrinkitthatday.

•Theysaid,“We’regoingtoHawaiithissummervacation.”

•->TheysaidtheyweregoingtoHawaiithatsummervacation.

•但是,在引述时,如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间,那么,可以不推移到过去将来时间。

例如:

•Hesaid,“I’llbewaitingforyoutomorrow.”

•->Hesaidhewillbewaitingformetomorrow.

•4)人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化

•由上面的例子可以看出,当直接引语变成间接引语时,除动词时态变化外,人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。

•a)人称代词,除引述本人原话外,通常第一、二人称变为第三人称,或者第二人称变为第一人称;限定词也作相应的变化。

例如:

•Hesaid,“Weloveourcountry.”

•->Hesaidtheylovetheircounty.

•b)指示代词this,these分别变成that/it,those/they或them;指示限定词this,those通常变为that,those或the。

例如:

•“Thishouseisveryexpensive,”shesaid.

•->Shesaidthathousewasveryexpensive.

•Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaid,“Wepickedtheseuponthepavement.”

•->Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaidtheyhadpickedthemuponthepavement.

•c)时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况:

•i)时间状语和动词时态两者都变。

例如:

•Hesaid,“Itwascompletesayearago.”

•->Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.

•ii)时间状语不变,动词时态可变可不变。

例如:

•Shesaid,“WeleftParisat8a.m.”

•->ShesaidtheyhadleftParisat8a.m.

•ShesaidtheyleftParisat8a.m.

•iii)时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定,如果引述时间和说话时间(如同一年、同一月、同一天等),时间状语可不变。

例如:

•Mr.Blacksaid,“WestartedlearningChineselastmonth.”

•->Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChineselastmonth.(同一月引述)

•->Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChinesethepreviousmonth.(可在同一月引述,也可不在同一月引述)

•直接引语间接引语

•todaythatday

•thismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.

•yesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousday

•(the)daybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore

•tomorrowthenextday,thefollowingday

•(the)dayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter,intwodays’time

•nextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.

•lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore

•nowthen

•d)地点状语here通常变为there;但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地,可仍用here,也可用具体地点代替here。

例如:

•Shesaid,“Ifirstmetyourbrotherhere.”

•->Shesaidshefirstmetmybrotherthere.

•“Arethechildrenhere?

”Fatherasked.

•->Fatheraskedwhetherthechildrenwerehere.

•本单元重点:

直接引语和间接引语,需要注意的是:

直接引语变间接引语时,人称和时态要发生变化,时态得和主句的时态保持一致。

•Sentencesfromthepassage(重点句讲解)

•Iaskedherwhyshewantedtodothat,andshesaidthatshehadforgottentodohers.

•我问她为什么要那么做,她说她忘记做作业了。

•forgettodosth.忘记做某事(还没有做)

•forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事(已经做过了)

•e.g.Whenyouleavetheclassroom,don’tforgettoturnoffthelights.

•离开教室时,别忘记关灯。

•Iforgotmeetinghimbefore.我不记得以前见过他了。

•类似的还有:

•remembertodosth.记得做某事(还没有做)

•rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事(已经做过了)

•e.g.

•“Remembertofinishyourhomeworkontime,LiMing”,hismothersaid.

•李明妈妈说,“记得按时完成作业。

•Iremembertellingthisstoryforseveraltimes.

•我记得这个故事给你讲过好几次了。

•◆IsaidIdidn’tthinkitwasagoodideaforhertocopymyhomework.

•我说,抄我的作业并不是什么好事。

•注意的think用法:

如果think引导的宾语从句,其从句表示否定意思时,不是否定从句,而是否定主句。

•e.g.翻译下列句子:

•我认为给你父亲说这件事的时机还不成熟。

•Idon’tthinkitistherighttimeforyoutotellyourfatheraboutthat.

•我认为他不是一个好演员。

Idon’tthinkheisagoodactor.

•我认为你说的并不正确。

Idon’tthinkyouareright.

•◆Yesterdayshetoldmeshewassorryshe’dgottenmad.

•昨天她告诉我,她为自己当时生气而抱歉。

•◆Nowadays,manystudentspreferusingEnglishnamesinalanguageclassroom.

•如今,许多学生喜欢在上语言课的时候用英文名字。

•prefer的用法:

preferv.更喜欢;宁愿

•prefersth.tosth.喜欢…胜过…

•preferdoingsth.todoingsth.喜欢…而不喜欢…

•prefertodoratherthando宁愿…而不愿…

•e.g.

•Doyouprefercoffeeortea?

你喜欢咖啡还是茶?

•Hepreferstalkingtodoing.他喜欢说,却不喜欢做。

•Theyprefertodieratherthansurrender.他们宁死不屈。

•◆Andforyoungpeople,havinganEnglishnameiscoolforthemwhentheytalktotheirforeignpenpals.

•而且对年轻人来说,有了英文名字,和笔友交谈时也很酷。

•havinganEnglishname…中having是动词ing形式,用来做主语。

•e.g.

•Gettingupearlyeverydayishisgoodhabit.每天早起是他的习惯。

•Swimmingisherfavoritesport.游泳是她最喜欢的运动。

•◆LearningEnglishandhavingEnglishnamesarebothpopularinChina.TheyarealsoimportantforChina’scontactwiththeworld.

•学习英语,而且有英文名字在中国很流行。

这些对中国和世界的接触也很重要。

•contact的用法:

•contactn.

•e.g.beincontactwith和...接触,有联系

•Theyhavebeenincontactwitheachotherforfiveyears.

•他们互相保持联系已经有五年了。

•Shecomesintocontactwithmanypeople.她和许多人有联系。

•contactv.

•e.g.Shecontactedmeassoonasshearrived.她一到就和我联系了。

•◆Ontheotherhand,somepeoplewhocometoChinachooseChinesenames

•另一方面,一些人来到中国,也起了中文名字。

•ontheonehand一方面…

•ontheotherhand另一方面…

•e.g.

•Ononehand,heisacleverboy;ontheotherhand,healwaysmakeshismotherangry.

•一方面,他是个聪明的孩子;可另一方面,他老惹母亲生气。

 

一、将直接引语变成间接引语

•1.Theplumbersaid,“Ican’tfixthebathtubtodaybecauseI’msick”

•Theplumbersaidhecouldn’tfixthebathtubthatdaybecausehewassick.

•2.Grandmasaid,“Grandpaisfeelingmuchbettertoday.”

•GrandmasaidGrandpawasfeelingmuchbetterthatday.

•3.Mr.andMrs.Davissaid,“Wewon’tbeabletocometodinnerthisSaturdaynight.”

•Mr.andMrs.Davissaidtheywouldn’tbeabletocometodinnerthatSaturdaynight.

•4.Thelandlordsaid,“Ihaven’treceivedthismonth’srentyet.”

•Thelandlordsaidhehadn’treceivedthatmonth’srentyet.

•5.CousinSuesaid,“I’msorryIdidn’thavetimetocomeoverandvisitlastSaturday.”

•CousinSuesaidshewassorryshehadn’thadtimetocomeoverandvisitthepreviousSaturday

•6.UncleHarrysaid,“I’llcallbacklater.”

•UncleHarrysaidhewouldcallbacklater.

•7.Theneighborsacrossthestreetsaid,“Wewererobbedlastnight!

•Theneighboracrossthestreetsaidtheyhadbeenrobbedthenightbefore.

•8.Sallysaid,“I’matmyfriendJuliet’shousenow.”

•SallysaidshewasatherfriendJuliet’shousethen.

•9.Mothersaid,“Yoursisterandbrother-in-lawaregoingtohaveababy.”

•Mothersaidmysisterandbrother-in-lawweregoingtohaveababy.

•10.Auntysaid,“Therewasabigfireatthehighschool.”

•Auntysaidtherehadbeenabigfireatthehighschool.

二、用第三人称转述下面电子邮件

1.Subject:

Mother’sDay

InItalywecelebratetheMother’sdayonthe2ndSundayofMay,that’swhystudentsdon’tgotoschoolandadultsarenotatwork.Sonsanddaughtersusuallygivetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.

ElisabettafromItaly

•1.ElisabethfromItalysaidinItalytheycelebratedtheMother’sDayonthe2ndSundayofMay,andthatwaswhystudentsdidn’tgotoschoolandadultswerenotatwork.Shesaidsonsanddaughtersusuallygavetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.

2.Subject:

Father’sDay

IbelieveFather’sDayoccursonthethirdSundayofJune.Weuseittogiveourfathersachancetorestandrelax,anddothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Theyneedabreak!

UsuallymyfamilywillbuyDadacard,takehimtoeatandplay.

FromtheUnitedStatesbyMelissa

•2.MelissafromtheUnitedStatessaidshebelievedFather’sDayoccurredonthethirdSundayofJune.Shesaidtheyusedittogivetheirfathersachancetorestandrelax,andtodothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Shesaidtheyneededarest.

•Melissaalsosaidusuallyherfamilywouldbuyherfatheracard,take

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