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荆州职业技术学院院精品课《实用英语语音学》
荆州职业技术学院院级精品课《实用英语语音学》
《Wordsinconnectedspeech》教案
专业商务英语班级教师方菲授课时间年月日
教案课题
Soundsinconnectedspeech
教案学时
2学时
教案编号
NO.003
教案目的
Tomakethestudentsunderstandthebasictheoryandpracticalskillsinconnectedspeech.
教材分析
重点
TheskillsofsayingEnglish
难点
AssimilationandElision，Liaison，Stress
教案
方法
CommunicativeTeachingApproach
教案
手段
PPT,screen,phoneµphone，blackboard
教案过程及时间分配
Eachchapteroneperiod.
Changescanbemadeaccordingtothepracticalsituation.
教研室主任检查签字
Chapter1
StrongandWeakForms
ThissectionisconcernedwithoneofthemostremarkablefeaturesofEnglishpronunciation.ManycommonEnglishwordshavetwoormorepronunciationsinspeech,dependingontheirpositionsinasentence----astrongformandoneormoreweakforms.矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。
Thesewordsincludeformwords（虚词）andthefollowingpronouns:
personal,possessive,relativeandtheindefinitepronoun“some”,denotingindefinitequantity.聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。
Thestrongformofawordisusedwhenthewordissaidinisolation,orinconnectedspeechinwhichthewordshouldbestressed。
itisalsousedincertaincaseswherethewordisunstressedpositions.Theweakformorformsofawordareusedonlyinunstressedpositions.残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。
Aweakformofawordisgenerallydistinguishedfromastrongform酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。
（1）.bythedifferenceinvowel-sounds,
（2）.bytheabsenceofasound（vowelorconsonant）,彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。
（3）.bythedifferenceofinthelengthofavowel.
Examples:
are/a:
//ә/them/ðem//ðәm/謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。
and/ænd//әn//n/am/æm//m/厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。
been/bi:
n//bin/were/wә:
//wә/茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。
Veryoftentheweakformhas/ә/init,whereasthestrongformcontainssomeothervowel。
e.g.was/wɔz/,for/fɔ:
/,them/ðem/,to/tu:
/,but“Itwastoodifficultforthemtoread.”/itwәz'tu:
'difikәltfәðәmtә'ri:
d/鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。
Afewwordswith/i:
/inthestrongformhaveaweakformwith/i/。
e.g.the/ði:
/,but“theotherend”/ði'Λðәr'end/.籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。
Thefollowinglisttellsyouhowtheweakformsareused.預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。
Word
StrongForm
WeakForm
Examples
1.Conjunctions
and
as
but
or
than
that
/ænd/
/æz/
/bΛt/
/ɔ:
/
/ɔ:
r/
/ðæn/
/ðæt/
/әn/
/n/
/әz/
/bәt/
/ә/
/әr/
/ðәn/
/ðәt/
inandout/in'ænd'aut/
blackandwhite/'bælkәn'wait/
breadandbutter/'bredn'bΛtә/
asoldasyou/әz'әuldәz'ju:
/
Butwhynot?
/bәt'wai'nt/
twoorthreedays/tu:
әθri:
deiz/
sevenoreight/sevnәreit/（beforevowels）
betterthanever/'betәðәn'evә/
IadmitthatIdidit./aiәd'mitðәtai'didit/
2.Pronouns
he
him
his
her
me
them
us
that
（rela
-tive）
who
（rela
-tive）
/hi:
/
/him/
/hiz/
/hә:
/
/hә:
r/
/mi:
/
/ðæm/
/Λs/
/ðæt/
/hu:
/
/i（:
）//hi/
/im/
/iz/
/hә//ә/
/hәr/
/mi/
/ðәm/
/әs/
/ðәt/
/hu/
Didhewin?
/'didi:
'win/
Givehimtwo./'givim'tu:
/
Ilikehistie./ai'laikiz'tai/
（inthemiddleofasensegroup）
Takeherhome./'teikhә'hәum/
Sheopenedhereyes./ʃi:
'әupenedher'aiz/
（beforevowels）
（Atthebeginningofwordgroupsthestrongformsofthesepronounsshouldbeused.）
Couldyoutellmethetime?
/'kudju:
'telmiðә'taim/
Sendthembypost./'sendðәmbai'pәust/
Hewon’tletusdoit./hi:
'wәunt'letәs'du:
it/
thebookthatIboughtyeaterday
/ðә'bukðәtai'bɔ:
t'jestәdi/
theboywholiveshere
/ðә'bɔihu'livzhiә/
3.Verbs
am
are
be
been
is
was
were
has
（aux.）
have
（aux.）
had
do
does
can
could
shall
should
will
would
must
/æm/
/a:
/
/a:
r/
/bi:
/
/bi:
n/
/iz/
/wɔz/
/wә:
/
/wә:
r/
/hæz/
/hæv/
/hæd/
/du:
/
/dΛz/
/kæn/
/kud/
/ʃæl/
/ʃud/
/wil/
/wud/
/mΛst/
/m//әm/
/ә/
/әr/
/bi/
/bin/
/s//z/
/wәz/
/wә/
/wәr/
/hәz/
/әz/
/s/
/z/
/hәv/
/v/
/әv/
/hәd/
/d/
/әd/
/dә//d/
/du/
/dәz/
/kәn/
/kәd/
/ʃl,ʃәl,l/
/ʃәd,ʃd/
/l/
/әd/
/d/
/mәst,mәs/
WhatamItodo?
/'wɔtәmaitә'du:
/
Thedaysareshoter./ðә'deizә'ʃɔ:
tә/
Themenareaway./ðә'menәrә'wei/（beforevowels）
Don’tberude./'dәuntbi'ru:
d/
Shehasbeenout./ʃi:
zbin'aut/
That’sfine./ðæts'fain/
Heishere./hi:
z'hiә/
Tomishere./'tɔmz'hiә/
（/z/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/z,ʒ,ʤ/,）
Onewasenough./'wΛnwәzi'nΛf/
Theywereverypleased./ðeiwә'veri'pli:
zd/
Thelightswereout./ðә'laitswәr'aut/
Haseveryonegone?
/hәz'evriwΛn'gɔn/
（/әz/after/s,z,ʧ,ʤ/,/s/after/p,t,k,f,θ/,/z/elsewhere）
Theplacehaschanged./ðә'pleisәz'ʧeinʤd/
（/s/after/p,t,kf,θ/）
It’salreadystarted./itsɔ:
l'redi'sta:
tid/
/z/elsewhere
She’sgoneforawalk./ʃi:
z'gɔnfәrә'wɔ:
k/
Haveanybeenlost?
/hәz'enibin'lɔst/
（/v/afterI,we,you,they）
You’vebrokenit./ju:
v'brәukәnit/
（/әv/elsewhere）
Themenhavegone./ðә'menәv'gɔn/
Hadanyoneleft./hәd'eniwΛn'left/
（/d/afterI,he,she,we,you,they）
They’dlefthome./ðeid'left'hәum/
Themenhadleft./ðә'menәd'left/
（/dә//d/beforeconsonants）
Sodothey./'sәudә'ðei/
（/du/beforevowelsand/w/）
SodoI./'sәudu'ai/Sodowe./'sәudu'wi:
/
Whendoesthetrainleave?
/'wendәzðә'trein'li:
v/
HowcanIhelp?
/'haukәnai'help/
Wecouldcometomorrow./wi:
kәd'kΛmtә'mɔrәu/
Ishalltakeitup./aiʃl'teikit'Λp,ail'teikit'Λp/
Weshouldtrytodoitwell./wi:
ʃәd'traitә'du:
it'wel/
（/l/afterpersonalpronouns）
They’llgiveitaway./ðeil'givitә'wei/
Whatwouldyoudo?
/wɔtәdju:
'du:
/
（afterpersonalpronouns）
Iwouldliketotellhim./aid'laiktә'telim/
Imustanswerthatletter./aimәst'a:
nsәðæt'letә/̗
4.Article
a
an
the
/ei/
/æn/
/ði:
/
/ә/
/әn/
/ði/
/ðә/
Inaminute/'inә'minit/
Haveanapple./hævәn'æpl/
（/ði/beforevowels）theotherday/ði'Λðә'dei/
（/ðә/beforeconsonants）
Whatisthetime?
/'wɔtsðә'taim/
5.Prepositions
at
for
from
of
/æt/
/fɔ:
/
/fɔ:
r/
/frɔm/
/ɔv/
/әt/
/fә/
/fәr/
/frәm/
/әv/
Comeatonce./'kΛmәt'wΛns/
Theysentforthedoctor./ðei'sentfәðә'dɔktә/
（/fɔ:
r/,/fәr/beforevowels）
Shallwegoforawalk?
/'ʃælwi:
'gәufәrә'wɔ:
k/
IsentitfromLondon./ai'sentitfrәm'lΛndәn/
Asamatteroffact/әzә'mætәrәv'fækt/
6.OtherWords
there
not
to
some
/ðεә/
/ðεәr/
/nΛt/
/tu:
/
/sΛm/
/ðә/
/ðәr/
/nt/
/n/
/tu/
/tә/
/sәm//sm/
Thereisnothingleft./ðәz'nΛθiŋ'left/
（/ðεәr/,/ðәr/beforevowels）/ðәriz'nΛθiŋ'left/
（/nt/inspellingn’t）aren’t/a:
nt/don’t/dәunt/
Itdoesnotmatter./itdΛzn'mætә/
（/tu/beforevowelsortheconsonant/w/,orattheendofthesentence.）
Iwanttoaskyou./ai'wɔnttu'a:
skju/
Iamgoingto./aim'gәuiŋtu/
（/tә/beforeconsonants）tostayortogo/tә'steiɔ:
tә'gәu/
Ineedsomepaper./ai'ni:
dsәm'peipә/
Pleasegivemesome./'pli:
z'givmisәm/
Note:
likethe“to”beforeaninfinitive,thepreposition“to”alsohastwoweakforms:
/tu/and/tә/.渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。
Practicealltheexamplesgivenhere,thenmakeupsimilarexamplesgivenhere,thenmakeupsimilarexamplesforyourselvesandpracticethose,too.铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。
2.TheUseofStrongForms
AsIhavesaid,thesecommonwordswhichhaveweakformsalsohavestrongforms.Thestrongformsareusedinthefollowingcases:
擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。
1）Whenthewordisstressed,e.g.
Theydon’tbelieve,dothey?
/ðei'dәuntbi'li:
v'du:
ðei/贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。
Youmustchooseusorthem./ju:
mәst'ʧu:
z'Λsɔ:
'ðem/坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。
2）Whenthewordisattheendofasensegrouporasentence,evenwhentheyareunstressed.蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。
e.g.（Whoisondutytoday?
）Iam./'aiæm/
（Who’sgot?
）Janehas./'ʤeinhæz/
（Whoisateacher?
）Youare./'ju:
a:
/
Whatareyoulookingat?
/'wɔtәju:
'lukiŋæt/
Whatishewaitingfor?
/'wɔtsi:
'weitiŋfɔ:
/
Wheredidyougetitfrom?
/'wεәdidju:
'getitfrɔm/買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。
3）Prepositionsmayhavetheirstrongformswhentheyarefollowedbyanunstressedpersonalpronounattheendofasensegrouporasentence.However,inthispositiontheweakformmayalsobeused.Forexample:
綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。
Iamwaitingforyou./aim'weitiŋfɔ:
ju:
/or/aim'weitiŋfәju:
/驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。
4）Theindefinitepronoun“some”inthemeaningof“acertainquantity”isalwaysstressedandthereforepronounced/sΛm/.Forexample:
猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。
someofus/'sΛmәvәs/
Theadjective“some”inthemeaningof“certain”alwaysuseitsstrongform,evenwhenitisunstressed.Forexample:
锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。
Forsomereasonsheisabsenttoday./'fɔ:
sΛm'ri:
znʃiz'æbsnәttә'dei/構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。
Asanadjectiveincontrastto“others”itisalwaysstressedandthereforepronounced/sΛm/.Forexample:
輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。
Somepeoplelikeit,butothersdon’t./'sΛmpi:
pl'laikitbәt'Λðәz'dәunt/尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。
Chapter2
AssimilationandElision
A.Assimilation
Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Theyarenearlyalwaysjoinedtogethertoformwordsandgroupsofwords.Inconnectedspeech,sounds,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfromboththeoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledassimilation.识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。
AssimilationisverycommonincolloquialanddialectalEnglish.Ittakesplacemostfrequentlyinconsonant.Thecauseoftheprocessistosaveeffortandtomakethepronunciationofthetwodissimilarconsonantseasierbytakingshortcuts.凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。
Assimilationmaybeof3typesasfarasitsdirectionisconcerned:
恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。
1）Progressive（顺同化）,theassimilatedsoundisinfluencedbytheprecedingsound.Forexample:
鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。
What’sthis?
/'wɔts'ðis/
Theconsonantsound/z/isreplacedbythesound/s/undertheinfluenceofsound/t/硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹。
Inassimilationoftype1thestrongvoicelessconsonantofapairrepl
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