土木工程专业外文翻译LHC土建著作中的CERN 在大型工程项目中的作用.docx

土木工程专业外文翻译LHC土建著作中的CERN 在大型工程项目中的作用.docx

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土木工程专业外文翻译LHC土建著作中的CERN在大型工程项目中的作用

外文原文

THEROLEOFCERNINTHELARGECONSTRUCTION

CONTRACTSFORLHCCIVILWORKS

Pedrod’AçaCastel-Branco

STDivision–CivilEngineeringGroup（ST/CE）

CERN,Geneva,Switzerland

Abstract：

ThecontractsforthecivilengineeringconstructionoftheLHCarebaseduponthestandardFIDIC（FédérationInternationaledesIngénieursConseils）documententitled"ConditionsofContractforWorksofCivilEngineeringConstruction".FIDICisareputablesupra-nationalandworldwideFederationofConsultingEngineersfocusedonthedefinitionandregulationoftheroleofmanypartiesinvolvedwiththeInternationalConstructionIndustry.

AnoverviewofFIDIC’sandotherOrganizations’,suchastheWorldBank,standarddocumentsispresented.ThedifferencebetweenstandardContractdocumentsandstandardBiddingdocumentsispointedout.InviewofCERN’sstatusasanintergovernmentalOrganization,theoriginalFIDICstandarddocumentsneededtobeadapted.Themodificationsareidentifiedandexplained.AconcisedefinitionoftheroleofeachpartyconcernedbytheLHCconstructionContracts,i.e.theContractor,theEngineerandtheClient（CERN）,ismade.Finally,abriefcost-benefitanalysisonthisparticularlycontractdraftingexerciseispresentedalongwithsomepreliminaryconclusionsandanoutlineofforeseendifficultieswiththeContractmanagement.

1.INTRODUCTION:

ThecivilengineeringworksfortheLHCProjectaredividedintothreemainpackages,plusoneadditionalpackagefortheinjectiontunnelTI8.Package1consistsofallnewundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedonSwissterritoryatPoint1.Identically,Package2consistsofallnewundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedonFrenchterritoryatPoint5.Unlikepackages1and2,package3isgeographicallyspreadaroundtheLEPandSPSringsandconsistsofallundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedthatarenotlocatedateitherPoint1or5.Thedesignandconstructionsupervisionofthenewworkswasawardedinthreeseparatepackages,eachonetoadifferentmultinationaljointventureofengineeringcompanies.Forthedesignandconstructionsupervisionpurposes,InjectionTunnelTI8isanintegralpartofpackage3.Package1iscurrentlybeingdesignedbyajointventurebetweenElectricitédeFranceandKnightPiésoldoftheUnitedKingdom.Package2wasawardedtoajointventureofGibb（UnitedKingdom）,SGI（Switzerland）andGeoconsult（Austria）,andpackage3toajointventureofBrown&RootoftheUnitedKingdomandIntecsaofSpain.

Similarly,theconstructioncontractsofthenewworksaretobeawardedinthreeseparatepackagestodifferentinternationalcontractingconsortiaasfollows:

Package1toTeeragAsdagofAustria,BareselofGermanyandLocherofSwitzerland;package2totheSpanish/Italianjoint

venturecomprisingDragadosandSeli;andpackage3,excludingInjectionTunnelTI8,totheAnglo-FrenchconsortiumofTaylorWoodrow,AmecandSpieBatignolles.TheconstructioncontractforInjectiontunnelTI8willbeplacedontheSwissmarketonly.

2.TYPESOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTS:

OneofthecriticalfactorsforthesuccessoftheprocurementandsubsequentmanagementoflargeconstructionprojectsistheContractstrategy,i.e.,thetypeofContracttoadopt.KnowingthatCERN’spastexperienceinthisfieldwasnotentirelysuccessfulandgivenCERN’scharacteristicsintermsoforganizationandworkprocedures,wewereabletoidentifyseveralpotentialweaknessesinCERNthatcouldundermineourpositionasEmployer（client）.ItwasobviousthatthispotentialweaknessshouldberemovedfromtheContract.

TheContractisadocumentthatdefinesthe‘ScopeofServices’andiscomposedbytwointerdependentparts:

（i）theLegalandCommercialSection,entitledtheFormofContract,and（ii）theTechnicalSection.TheTechnicalSectioniswherethe‘ScopeofServices’orthe‘Product’isfullydescribedintermsoflayout,specifications,requirements,planningandrisks.IntheFormofContractarestatedtheContractmanagementrules,theroleandinterfacesofeachpartyandwhereisallocatedtheinherentContractrisk.

SeveraltypesofContractsarecommonlyusedintheconstructionindustry:

（i）Cost-plusContracts,whichcontractorsarereimbursedforthedirectconstructioncostsplusanagreedprofitpremium（usuallyapercentageofthedirectconstructioncosts）;（ii）Re-measurementContracts,basedonaBillofQuantitiesandaseriesofunitrates;（iii）AllianceContracts,basedonperformanceandgoalsinordertomakethecontractoranactiveandinterestedpartyintheoverallsuccessoftheproject,and（iv）Turn-keyContractsinwhichthetotalcontractpriceisalumpsum.

ThesedifferenttypesofContractsareassociatedwithdifferentcontractrisks.InaCost-plusContract,theemployerbearsalmostalltheContractrisk.InaRe-measurementContract,contractorsassumethepartoftheriskassociatedwiththeorganization,methodsandmeansoftheconstructionactivity/process.InanAllianceContract,contractorsassumenotonlytheriskassociatedwiththeRe-measurementContracts,butalsotherisksattachedtothefailureoftheproject’spre-setobjectivesandgoals.InaTurn-keyContract,thecontractorbearsalmostalltheContractrisk.ThismeansthatfromContracttype（i）totype（iv）,theinherentcontractriskisdecreasingontheEmployersideandhereforeincreasingontheContractor’sside.

AttachedtotheContractriskistheContractflexibility,i.e.,thecapacitytoaccommodatechangestothe‘ScopeofServices’.Fromtheemployer’spointofview,moreriskmeansalsomoreflexibility.Forinstance,althoughaTurn-keyContractisextremelyappealingfromthe‘ProjectFinance’pointofview（moreandmoreinvestors,bothprivateandinstitutional,imposethistypeofcontractinordertominimizetherisksandfixthecosts）isinfactadisasterwhentheemployerintroducessignificantchangestothe‘ScopeofServices’.

Sinceitwasimpossibletofullydefinethe‘ScopeofServices’fortheLHCprojectandCERNwouldliketoretainsomeflexibilitytoaccommodateinevitablemodifications,itwasdecidedtoadoptaRe-measurementtypeofContract.

SeveralmodelsfortheFormofContract,i.e.,thelegalandcommercialtermsofreference,areavailableforRe-measurementContracts.AlmostallGovernmentsinEurope（World）useorhaveamodelFormofContractforthis.ThemodelsareusuallyelaboratedbyassociationsofConsultingEngineers.OneoftheseassociationsisFIDIC（FédérationInternationaledesIngénieursConseils）,whichisareputablesupra-nationalandworld-wideFederationofConsultingEngineersfocusedinthedefinitionandregulationoftheroleofmanypartiesinvolvedwiththeInternationalConstructionIndustry.OneofFIDIC’sdocumentsisthe‘ConditionsofContractforWorksof

CivilEngineeringConstruction’>1@,whichisamodelFormofContractforcivilengineeringRe-measurementContracts.Giventhefactthat（i）FIDICisinternationallyknown;（ii）FIDIC’sFormofContractiswidelyused,and（iii）itistestedandtunedbyyearsofexperience,itwasdecidedtoadopt,asfaraspossible（see§3）,thismodelofFormofContract.Inaddition,otherOrganizations,InstitutionsandevenGovernmentsusethismodelintheirconstructionContracts,particularlyinlargeinternationalCallsforTenders.

TheWorldBank,forinstance,imposestheuseoftheir‘StandardBiddingDocuments’>2@intheprocurementofcivilengineeringworksforallfinancedprojects.ThisStandardBiddingDocumentsincludesnotonlyamodelfortheContract,bothFormofContractandTechnicalSection,butalsoallotherbiddingand/ornon-contractualdocumentssuchasInvitationforBids,InstructionstoBidders,etc.Inthe‘StandardBiddingDocuments’theWorldBankadoptstheFIDIC’smodelFormofContract.

3.MODIFICATIONSINTRODUCEDTOFIDICSTANDARDDOCUMENTS:

SeveralpartieswereinvolvedinthepreparationoftheconstructionContracts:

CivilEngineering,PurchasingServicesandLegalServicesgroups,assistedbytheCivilEngineeringConsultantsmentionedin§1andNortonRosealargeBritishlegalconsultantspecializedinconstructionlaw.GivenNortonRose’slargeexperienceincontractdraftinganddisputeresolution,complementedalsowiththecivilengineering（CE）consultantsexperienceinconstructionmanagement,itwasdecidedtomodifyFIDIC’sstandardmodeloftheFormofContractinordertoallocatemorerisk,andthereforeresponsibility,tocontractor’srole,reducingconsequentlytheEmployer’sriskandliability（eliminatingalsothealreadymentionedpotentialweakness）,andkeepingthesamelevelofflexibility.

Thesemodificationsare,forinstance:

（i）AfirstinstancedisputeresolutionmechanismwillbeincludedintheContract.ApanelofthreeAdjudicators（independentexpertsengineersexperiencedindisputeresolution）willprovideabindingfirstinstancedecisiononalleventualdisputesthatmightoccurbetweenContractorandEmployerduringtheContract.Anyappeal（i.e.,lawsuits）fromthisdecisionwillonlybepossibleafterthecompletionoftheworks;（ii）TheContractorwillbearsomeoftheriskattachedto‘unforeseengroundconditions’,whichisalwaysasourceofdisputes（validonlyforpackage2;noagreementwasreachedforpackages1and3）;（iii）TheContractorwillbecomealsoresponsiblefortheaccuracyoftheBillofQuantities;（iv）CERNwillhavethepowertoterminateanytimethecontract;（v）Thedefectsliabilityperiodwillbeextendedfromtwototenyears.

AsadirectresultofCERN’sstatusasanintergovernmentalOrganizationanditsinternalpurchasingandadministrativerules,anadditionalmodificationnee