考研肖克基础词汇长难句.docx
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考研肖克基础词汇长难句
2011年考研英语基础班---长难句和词汇的速成
Part1.常见词的特殊意思
1.work
例1Sheworksasamanagementconsultantforadesigncompany.
例2Janealwaysworkswithdeafandmutechildren.
例3You’llhavetoworkreallyhardifyouwanttopassyourexams.
例4Thefarmerworkedthehorsesuntiltheyweretiredout.
例5Iassureyouthatthismedicinewillworkwondersforyourcold.
例6Ittookseveralhourstoworkthepuzzle.
例7Theyworkedtheirwayoutofthecrowd.
词义具体化
如:
例1NancywasafixtureatMetsgamesinherschoolday.
例2BraindrainhasbeenEgypt’sNumberOneconcernasamatteroffactithasbecomeanepidemicinthatareaoftheworld.
例3Originalityisunexploredterritory.Yougettherebycarryingacanoe----youcan’ttakeataxi.
例4Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinhischaracter.
Part2专业词汇
TheEconomist经济类的文章的专业词汇
Deflation,sluggish,acquisition,monopolizing,restructuring,bankruptcy,deficit
专业经济类和社会类词汇(阅读和写作共享)
·可持续性发展sustainabledevelopment
·风险投资riskinvestment
·通货紧缩deflation
·通货膨胀inflation
·扩大内需,刺激消费expanddomesticdemandandconsumption
Part3词根和词缀
cess系列:
cess作为词根是:
走入
access:
接近
[助记]ac(辅音双写,前面加a):
一再。
“一再走过去”——接近。
[词组]haveaccessto:
接近,使用
process:
前进,加工
[助记]“往前走”
procession:
n.队列,行列
recession:
休息,企业处在停业整顿阶段
[助记]re-回来
excess:
过度,剩余
[助记]ex-过
concession:
妥协,让步
[助记]con-共同,“你走一步,我也走一步”
pose系列:
pose:
词义是摆姿势。
作为词根是“放”
expose:
“放在外面”——暴露
compose:
“共同放在一起”——组成
decompose:
“把组成的东西向下弄没了”——分解
depose:
“向下放”——免职、降职
deposit:
“低头放下一个东西”——下蛋、存款、沉淀物
repose:
“反复放下来”——休息
impose:
“往里放”——强加于,征税
porpose:
“往前放”——提出建议,求婚
Part4谐音联想法记忆单词
PonderousMerchandiseexhaustsentimentalvigorousloomobstinatefeeblesentimentalBlushExhaustisolatefeeblevanishspousepatience
难句的超级分析能力
难句的超级分析能力
原则一:
拆分意思群体,迅速抓住主干。
难句之难在与如何花整为零,如何在复杂的结构中分析清楚主干和从句,如何拨开云雾见光明。
关键要抓住意思群体,比如一个谓语的成分多达十个单词,就不能一个一个单词翻译,要把他们想成整体。
定语从句很长,要抓关键的意思,不能眉毛和胡子一起抓。
很多学生喜欢逐字阅读,过于咬文嚼字,而忽视了句子的整体性。
还有些同学碰到难句子就划黑色的圆圈,结果到头来什么也看不出。
不要拘泥于难词,因为很多难词并不是正确答案的所在。
原则二:
熟悉难句的类型以及特殊的分析技巧
难句有很多种多样,从句型上看有定语从句,状语从句,名词性从句;从短语类型上看,有分词状语,动名词短语,介词短语;从成分的特殊位置看,有倒装句,插入语,省略情况,分割结构。
从语气看有虚拟语气,建议语气等。
对不同的难句采取专项突破,一定会起到事半功倍的效果。
原则三:
利用语法、不靠语法
即在考研中,考生永远也不需要再考场上分析一句话的语法成分,也不要想这句话有没有语法错误,考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。
然而在初期可以少量的运用语法,目的有二:
一为初学者如果看不懂句子得结构,往往会感到心情沮丧,或大脑混乱,根本就读不尽文章,因此引入语法能够给读者以信心;二为运用语法,可以了解文章的语法结构,并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子,达到一遍就可以读懂句子得效果。
英语基本的句型
包括五种成分,五种功能句型,这些成分包括名词(N=noun),谓语动词(V=verb),宾语(O=objective),直接宾语(Od=directobject),间接宾语(Oi=indirectobject),
补足语(C=complementary)
1.句型的基本结构:
(1)主----谓结构(SV)
Allthefolksinthelobbyweredeeplymoved
Theexistenceofbothracialandsexualdiscriminationinemploymentiswelldocumented.
(2)主系表(SVC)
Sheisfeelingdepressedtoday.
Tobeornottobeisahardthing
(3)主---谓----宾(SVO)
Theyaretalkingloudlyaboutthepoliticalaffairs.
Allparentshavetosolvetheproblemsoffreedomanddiscipline.
Earlyupbringinginthehomeisaffectedbothbytheculturalpatternofthcommunityandbytheparents’capabilities.
(4)主----谓----直接宾语-----间接宾语(S-V-Od-Oi)
Heofferedmeagreathand
Themodernwhtefurnitureandgreatervarietyincharacterdevelopment.
(5)主谓宾语补语(SVOC)
TommadeJimcryloudly.
Theylethimtryathirdtime.
Weconsideritagoodopportunitytostudyabroad。
Wepaintedtheroofred.
Theyhadthedishesprepared.
(6)主谓状
Weshouldconfronthardshipsfearlesslyandstrivetoovercomethem
Part2各种从句的类型
一.主语从句阅读
1.ThatExperienceinfluencesubsequentbehaviorisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledrememebering.’
2.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyershaveshownisjusthowfastthingsaregoing
二.宾语从句阅读
1.Cartwrightbelievesthatonecanexercieseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams
2.Theydon'tknowwhetherthisdecisisoncomesoutofconvincingprooforwhetheritcanbeputintopractice.
三.表语从句阅读
1.Iamnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpontofview,butwhatwasafraidofishowIwoulddie.
2.Onedifficultyisthatalomostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannatureandsoon.
四.同位语从句阅读
1.Intalkingtosomeyoungscientists,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodsubstituteforimaginativethought.
2.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.
五.定语从句阅读
1.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateinternet
2.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasnecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.
六.副词性从句阅读-----状语从句
1.时间状语从句
1.Wecannotdoanythingaboutituntilweknowthetruth.
2.Immediatelyhearrived,hestarteddescribinguswhathadhappened
3.Thedayhereturnedhome,hisgrandpawasalreadydead.
注:
很多表示时间的名词词组和副词也可以引导时间状语从句,instantly,immediately,directly,theday,everytime,theminute,themoment
2.条件状语从句
1.IfonlyIhadworkedharder,Iwouldfinishthejob.
2.Aslongasyoukeepontrying,youwillcertainlysucceed.
注:
很多词组也可以引导条件状语从句,Providedthat,Giventhat,Supposingthat,Onconditionthat,Incasethat
3.原因状语从句
1.Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionforpractice.
2.Nowthattheweatherhasimproved,let’sgooutforapicnic.
注:
很多词组也可以引导原因状语从句,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,inthat,onaccountof,owingto,dueto,thanksto
4.让步状语从句
1.Tomalwaysenjoysswimming,eventhoughtheweatherisrough.
2.Despitetheexistenceofnationaldifferences,certainsituationshaveauniversalappeal.
3.whateverhesays,Idonotbelieveinhim.
注:
很多词组也可以引导让步状语从句,evenif,as,nomatterwhat,nomatterhow,despite,while,whatever,whenever,whoever,however.
5.目的状语从句
1.Theyclimbedtothetopofthemountaininorderthattheycouldgetabird’s-eyeviewofthecity.
2.Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.
注:
很多词组也可以引导目的状语从句,sothat,inorderthat,lest,incasethat,forfearthat.
特殊结构的突破
一.倒装句子
(1).否定副词放句首要求倒装
1.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamhasinlifeoverZysman.
2.AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigurestocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgifet.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.
3.NolongercouldIcountonpeopletotakeprecautionstodealwiththoseseriousproblems.
(2)某些固定词组要求倒装
1.NotonlyhastheGovernmentrefusedtoconsultwiththepeopleofAustraliaonthisissueofdecreasingthedutyrates,theyhavealsorefusedtoconsultwiththemonincreasingtheexportandimportbetweentowcountries.
2.Soaddictedtoelectronicgamesthatourschoolsshouldcontrolthetimeofsurfingtheinternetforthechildren.
(3)某些语法要求倒装
1.However,shouldpolicymeasuresbetakentoboosteconomicgrowthandmakethegrowthprocessmoreinclusivetothepoor,theWorldBankreckonsthat500millionpeoplecouldbebroughtoutofextremepovertyby2008.
(4)为了平衡句子关系要求倒装
1.Coupledwiththecentralizationofeconomicgrowthisthedisapperanceoftheextendedfamiliesinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.
2.Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdeveloingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastreachesastandstill.
3.Alongwiththemgoessocialmobility,ambitionstoriseintheurbanworld,amainfactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthenineteenthcentury.
4.JackLondonpouredintohiswritingsallthepainofhislife,thefiercehatredofthesocietythatithadproducedonhim.
二.省略
1.Asfamiliesmoveawayawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.
2.Ifyouareaman,youcanpointoutthatmostpoetsandmenofsciencearemale;ifyouareawoman,youcanretortthatsoaremostcriminals.
三.与than搭配的短语或结构的翻译
(1)else/otherthan:
除……之外
(2)nothingelsethan/but:
相当于nothingbut,意为“只,只有”
(3)nothingifnot:
极其
(4)would/hadrather/sooner…than:
宁愿……也不……
(5)nosooner…than…:
一……就
(6)nomorethan:
仅仅,只是
(7)nolessthan:
简直是,实在是
(8)no/noneotherthan:
正是,就是
(9)nomore…than…/notanymore…than:
和……一样都不
(10)notmore…than…:
和……相比没有(不及)……
(11)more…than…:
与其……不如
(12)notmorethan:
至多,不超过
(13)knowbetterthantodosomething:
很明白而不至于……
下面举例说明:
1Whathedidwasnothingelsethanapracticaljoke.
2Hewouldratherdiethanyield.
3Nosoonerhadhegotoffthetrainthanhisdaughterrantowardshim.
4Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.
5Asanation,theFrencharenomoreeagertolearnabouttheirwartimefailingsthanaretheJapanese.
6.Hedidn’tknowanyoneattheweddingotherthanthebrideandgroom.
3.HeisnoneotherthanthemanImetinLosAnglesfiveyearsago.
四.与but搭配的短语和结构的翻译
notonly…butalso…:
不但……而且……
notthat…butthat…:
不是因为……,而是因为……;不是说……,而是说……
butthat…:
要不是……
butfor…:
要不是……
butthen…:
但另一方面
cannothelpbutdosomething:
不得不……
cannotchoosebutdosomething:
不得不……
havenochoice/alternativebuttodo…:
不得不
thereisnothingfor…buttodosomething:
除了……别无他法
nothingbut…:
除了……之外没有……;不过是……;仅仅是……
anythingbut…:
完全(绝对)不是……;一点也不……
allbut…:
几乎;除……之外其余都(=allexcept)
五.as作为介词或连词时的翻译及结构的翻译
justas:
正如
asif/asthough:
好像
AistoBasCistoD.A比之于B正如C比之于D。
as…as:
和……一样
asfarassomeoneisconcerned:
据某人所知;就……而言
notsomuch…as…:
与其说……(还/倒)不如说……;有时也可以改变成notsomuch…but…,意思不变。
notsomuchas…:
连……都不肯……
notso+形容词+but+从句:
虽然……但是……
nothing+like(near)as(so)…as…:
远远不像……那样
Aisnot…aswellasB.B实施或被实施某种行为,但A没有
as…so…:
像……那