高中英语Unit1SchoolLifeGrammarandUsage1.docx

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高中英语Unit1SchoolLifeGrammarandUsage1

2019-2020年高中英语Unit1SchoolLifeGrammarandUsage1

PartTwo:

TeachingResources

第二部分教学资源

●GrammarandUsage

I.定语从句讲析(Theattributiveclause)

一、关键词

1.定语从句:

在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。

2.先行词:

定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。

3.关系词:

关系词用来引导定语从句。

关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。

关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。

关系词可以1)代替先行词;2)引导定语从句;3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。

例如:

Thecarwhichmyunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.句中,thecar为先行词;which是关系词引导是定语从句whichmyunclehadjustbought,同时代替先行词thecar在定语从句中作主语。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。

Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.

In1519anothertravelerwhowenttoAmericafromEuropediscoveredtomatoes.

ThepetitorwhowonthemostgoldmedalswasDavidBeckham.

2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。

Theboy(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.

ThepersonwhomyoushouldaskisMr.Ball.

TheathletewhomIlikedmostwasCarlLewis.

Theboy(who/whom/that/)wesawyesterdaywasJohn'sbrother.

3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略。

FruittreeswhichoncegrewonlyinChinacanbefoundinmanypartsoftheworld.

Thegoldmedalwhichshewonhasbeengiventoheroldschool.

4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。

在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。

ThewomanthatIreadaboutinthenewspaperhasjustwonagoldmedal.

Cornisaveryusefulplantthatcanbepreparedinmanydifferentways.

ThereportthatMr.Turnerhandedinwasaboutthemotorrace.

5.whose通常指人,有时也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。

Iknowthepersonwhosepanyproducesputers.

Thisisthepersonwhosestorysurprisedeverybody.

Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen.

Note:

whose指物时,常用ofwhich结构来代替:

Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

Theclassroom,thedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?

Thetimewhenmyfatherworkedwasahardtime.

ThereweretimeswhenIdidn’tknowwhattodo.

2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.

Hehelpedhisfatheronthesmallfarmwheretheylived.

Thefarmwherewepickedcottonwasninekilometersaway.

3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。

Thesearethereasonswhywedoit.

Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.

注意:

关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。

如:

I’llneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedthearmy.

Kentuckyisthestatewhere/inwhichLincolnwasborn.

Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.

四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“,”与主句隔开,是先行词不可缺少的定语,如去掉,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。

翻译时译成先行词的定语“……的”。

Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.

Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.

2.非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“,”与主句隔开,是对先行词意义的补充说明,如去掉,主句仍能表达完整的意思,通常译成主句的并列句。

Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.

Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.

3.关系词的使用:

1)关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略,在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。

2)限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。

3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom,而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。

Thebook(that/which)IboughtyesterdayisHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.

Thebook,whichlboughtyesterday,isHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.

Theengineer(who/whom/that)Imetintheofficeworkedveryhard.

Theengineer,whomImetintheoffice,workedveryhard.

Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.

五、特别提示

1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。

ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.

HeistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedFrench.

注意:

which和as引导非限制性定语从句时,有时并没有特定的先行词,而是代表前面说的整个情况。

这时which和as被看作单数,译作“这一点”,其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。

如:

HesaidhewasaFrenchman,which/aswasnottrue.

但须注意,as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前,which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。

如:

Asisknowntoall,Chinaisasocialistcountry.Chinaisasocialistcountry,as/whichisknowntoall.

2.介词+关系代词

1)根据动词选择介词。

Idon’tknowtheforeignerwithwhommyteachershookhands.(或Idon’tknowtheforeignerwhommyteachershookhandswith.)

Note:

who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语;有的短语动词是不能拆开的,常见的这类短语有:

lookfor,lookafter等。

ThisisthepencilthatMaLiliislookingfor.(R)

ThisisthepencilforwhichMaLiliislooking.(W)

2)根据先行词选择介词。

介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配,介词一般位于关系代词之前,和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。

Hestoodbythewindow,throughwhichhecouldseewhatwashappeningoutside.(thewindow是介词through的逻辑宾语)

3)介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when,why,where等。

Thisisthehouseinwhich/whereChairmanMaooncelived.

Everyoneknowsthereasonforwhich/whytheHighDamwasbuilt.

Istillrememberthedayonwhich/whenwevisitedthetemple.

3.选用定语从句的关系词时,要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。

Theeveningthatpeoplespentsingingandplayingmusicwasexciting.(不用when,因为先行词在从句中充当spent的宾语。

Thereasonthathetoldusisunbelievable.(不用why,因为先行词在从句中充当told的宾语。

TheislandsofBritainthatwevisitedlastyeararemadeupoffourparts.(不用where,因为先行词在从句中充当visited的宾语。

4.被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。

Thefactorywhereheworksthereisalargeone.(应去掉there)

ThisisthefactorywhichwevisiteditlastSunday.(应去掉it)

5.常用that引导定语从句的情况:

1)当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时,关系词用that不用which。

Theyaretalkingaboutthefactory,theleadersandtheworkersthattheyvisitedyesterday.

WemeetuponthelastFridayofeverymonthtotalkaboutpoemsandpoetsthatwelike.

Theyoftentalkabouttheworksandthewritersthatinterestthem.

Thehouseanditsownersthatyoumentionedjustnowarewhat1wanttoknowabout.

2)先行词本身是all,few,little,much,any,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时,关系词多用that。

Don’tthrowawayanythingthatmaybeofsomeuse.

3)先行词指“人”或“物”,并被形容词最高级、序数词或all,no,any,every,little,much,little,theonly,thevery等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。

ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

Thisisthefirststepthatweshouldtake.

Youaretheverymanthatcandothejobwell.

Maryistheonlygirlthatlikesplayingfootball.

Everyonewho/thatknowshimthinkshighlyofhim.

Nobodythat/whohasbeentherewilleverforgetthebeautyoftheplace.

Thosewho/thatwanttogoraiseyourhandsplease.

Allthatmustbedonehasbeendone.

Ireadsomethingintoday’smorningpaper(that/which)youmaybeinterestedin.

II.Languagepoints

1.HehasrecentlyreturnedfromhisstudiesinChina.他最近刚从中国学习回来。

(p9)

recently

adv.notlongago;lately:

HaveyouseenAnnerecently?

Ihavenotbeensleptwellrecently.-Whendidyouarrive?

-Recently.Myfriend,Herbert,hasalwaysbeenfat,butthingsgotsobadrecentlythathedecidedtogoonadiet.

study

n.1)theactofstudyingoneormoresubjects:

Studentsnowhavetospendmuchmoretimeinstudyeveryday.2)asubjectstudied(oftenpl.):

Hewentabroadtofurtherhisstudies.You’vegottogivetimetoyourstudies.你得在学业上下功夫。

Biotechnologyisanewstudy.3)athoroughenquiryinto,esp.includingapieceofwritingon,aparticularsubject:

ShehasmadeastudyofShakespeare’splays.4)aroomusedforstudyingandwork:

Hewasreadinginhisstudy.

2.Davidwasoneofthemosthelpfulstudentsthatweeverhad.(p9)大卫是我们这儿最愿意助人为乐的学生之一。

that引导定语从句,修饰students,若在oneof前加theonly,则定语从句修饰one,从句的谓语动词需用单数。

①Sheisoneofthefewgirlswhohavepassedtheexamination.

②Mr.Herreistheonlyoneoftheforeignexpertswhoworksinthepany.

相关高考试题(xx上海春招)

Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.

A.areB.havebeenC.isD.hasbeen

解析:

因句中有theonly,所以定语从句修饰one,又因从句的时间状语是forthreeyears,

所以需用完成时态。

答案:

D

3.Uponfinishinghisstudies,hestartedtravellinginChina.(p9)一完成学业,他就开始在中国旅行。

Uponfinishing…=Assoonashefinished…,upon也可换成on,意为“一……就……”。

①Onreachingthecity,hecalledupLester.

②IshallwritetoA.P.Wattonhearingfromyou.

③Onhisarrivalhewentstraighttotheheadmaster.

④Uponhisreturntohishometown,hewenttoworkinthefields.

4.InChinahedevelopedaninterestinteachingEnglish.(p9)在中国他对教英语产生了兴趣。

develop

v.1)(fromorinto)to(causeto)grow,increase,orbeelargerormoreplete:

Wearedevelopingnuclearweaponstodoawaywithnuclearweapons.Ihavedevelopedaninterestinhistory.2)tostudyorthinkoutfully,orpresentfully:

I’dliketodevelopthisideaalittlemorefullybeforeIgoontomynextpoint.3)(inphotography)to(causeto)appearonafilmorphotographicpaper:

I’dliketohavethesefilmsdevelopedhere.4)tobringouttheeconomicpossibilitiesof:

Chinaisdevelopingthewest.Theagriculturalscientistdevelopedaheavierrice.

developing发展中的developed发达的developmentn.发展

5.ThepaintingsthatDaviddonatedtotheschoolarebeingdisplayedintheassemblyhall.(p9)大卫捐给学校的图画正在会厅展出。

arebeingdisplayed是被动语态的进行时,表示正在发生的被动动作Themeetingisbeingheldinthehallandyoucangotoattendit.Don’tworry.Thechildrenarebeingtakengoodcareof.

相关高考试题(xx春招)

Anewcinemahere.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.

A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt

解析:

从题意看出,电影院正在建设中,所以用被动语态的进行时。

答案:

D

6.HewillmakeaspeechabouthisexperiencesinChina.(p9)他要就他在中国的经历做一个演讲。

speech

n.1)theactorpowerofspeaking;spokenlanguage:

Theillnessdeprivedhimofthepowerofspeech.Speechisimpossiblewithsomuchnoisearound.Speechissilver,silenceisgold.2)anactofspeakingformallytoagroupoflisteners:

Hegaveaspeechonpeace.Thechairmanwillmakeaclosingspeech.3)thewordssospoken演说词Theminister’sspeechwassenttothenewspapersinadvance.

makeanadvance进步,长进makeacall打电话makeachange改变

makeanexcuse找借口makeanexperiment做实makeaface/faces做鬼脸makefriends交朋友makeadiscovery发现makeajoke说笑话

makeajourney旅行makeamistake犯错makeachoice选择

makeasearch搜查makeaturn转弯makeavisit拜访

7.Inattributiveclauses,thatandwhichareusedtorefertothings.(p10)

定语从句中,that和which用于指事物。

referto:

1)tomention;speakabout:

Are

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