语言学.docx
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语言学
名词解释Acronym:
is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a headword.
Affix:
is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
Allomorph:
any of the different form a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme is but it is differently in different environments as /s/ in dogs and as /iz/ in classed. So /s/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
Applied linguistics:
application of linguistics to the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc.
Back-formation:
an abnormal type of word formation where as shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.
Blending:
a relatively complete form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and final part of the second word, or by joining the initial part of the two words.
Bound morpheme:
an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
Category:
parts of speech and functions, such as the classification of words in term of parts of speech the identification of functions of words in term of, subject predicate, etc.
Communicative competence:
as defined by Hymes, the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.
Compound:
polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc
Concord:
also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
Deep structure:
the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural.
Derivation:
different from compounds, derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
Direct speech:
a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
Direct thought:
categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech
Endocentric construction:
one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction
Exocentric construction:
a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.
Function:
the use of language to communicate, to think etc. language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.
Free indirect speech:
a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.
Free indirect thought:
the categories used by novelists to rep-resent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, e.g. He spent the day thinking.
Free morpheme:
an element of meaning which tales the form of an independent word.
Grammatical word:
word expressing grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, art ideas, and many adverbs.
Inflection:
the manifestation of grammatical relationships though the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
Immediate constituent analysis:
the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents are reached.
I-narrator:
the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event.
Indirect thought:
a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech. For example, She thought that he would be late.
Indirect speech:
a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.
Inflection:
the manifestation of grammatical relationships thought the addition of inflectional affixed such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
Language:
is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Lean shift:
a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.
Lexeme:
separate unit of meaning, usually in the form of a word (e.g. dog in the manger)
Lexical word:
word having lexical meanings, that is, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.
Lexicon:
a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
Linguistics:
can be defined as the scientific study of language.
Loan lend:
a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
Loanword:
a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.
Loss:
the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
Metaphor:
like simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
Morpheme:
the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Morphology:
is the branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed.
Narrator’s representation of speech:
a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts. For example, She considered his unpunctuality.
Narrator’s representation of speech acts:
a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse, and therefore even more back-grounded than indirect speech representation would be.
Open-class:
a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.
Paradigmatic relation:
a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
Phonetics:
is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology:
is the study of sound systems---the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Root:
the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.
Semantics:
is a technical term used to refer to the study of the communication of meaning through language.
Simile:
is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like.
Stem:
any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
Syntagmatic relation:
a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.
Syntax:
is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
Third-person narrator:
if the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third-person narrator.
Word:
is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition.
回答 ★1.Design feature of language:
①Arbitrariness ②Duality ③creativity ④Displacement ★2.Functions of language :
①informative ②interpersonal function ③performative ④emotive function ⑤phatic communion ⑥recreational function ⑦metalingual function ★3.The main branches of linguistics:
①phonetics ②phonology ③morphology ④syntax ⑤semantics ⑥pragmatics ★4.the main approaches to syntax:
①the traditional approach ②the structural approach ③the generative approach ④the functional approach ★5.the main types of tests:
①aptitude test ②proficiency test ③achievement test ④diagnostic test ★6.in what sense is the analysis of a sentence in terms of theme and rheme functional?
●The analysis of a sentence in terms of theme and rheme is functional in the sense that this distinction has to do with the semantic side of the constituents of a sentence rather than the formal side. They have to do with the information conveyed whether the known or new , the more important or less important. In contrast, the analysis of a sentence in terms of subject and predicate is formal. e.g. the subject will be in the nominative form in languages with case distinctions, the form of the predicate verb will have to be in agreement with the subject in certain categories. ★7.How does Halliday relate the functions performed by language to its structures, or systems?
●In Halliday’s view, there are three structures, or systems, corresponding to the three functions of ideational, interpersonal and testual. The ideational function is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes:
material, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existential processes. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal function is realized as the mood system in the clause