Fiber grating sensors for high temperature measurement.docx
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Fibergratingsensorsforhightemperaturemeasurement
Fibergratingsensorsforhightemperaturemeasurement
YageZhana,,HuaWua,QinyuYanga,ShiqingXiangb,HongHeb
aDepartmentofAppliedPhysics,CollegeofScience,DonghuaUniversity,Shanghai201602,China
bShanghaiInstituteofOpticsandFineMechanics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Shanghai201800,China
AbstractTwofibergratingsensorsforhightemperaturemeasurementareproposedandexperimentallydemonstrated.Theinterrogationtechnologiesofthesensorsystemsareallsimple,lowcostbuteffective.Inthefirstsensorsystem,thesensorheadiscomprisedofonefiberBragggrating(FBG)andtwometalrods.Thelengthsoftherodsaredifferentfromeachother.Thecoefficientsofthermal-expansionoftherodsarealsodifferentfromeachother.TheFBGwillbestrainedbythesensorheadwhenthetemperaturetobemeasuredchanges.Thetemperatureismeasuredwithbasisofthewavelength-shiftsoftheFBGinducedbystrain.Inthesecondsensorsystem,alongperiodfibergrating(LPG)isusedashightemperaturesensorhead.TheLPGisvery-high-temperaturestableCO2-laser-inducedgratingandhasalinearfunctionofwavelength-temperatureintherangeof0-800℃.Adynamicrangeof0-800℃andaresolutionof1℃havebeenobtainedbyeitherthefirstorthesecondsensorsystem.Theexperimentalresultsagreewiththeoreticalanalyses.
Keywords:
opticalfibersensor,fiberBragggrating,longperiodfibergrating,hightemperature
1.Introduction
Insomefields,suchastunnelmonitoring,materialprocessing,minemonitoring,structurehealthmonitoringandoilwellmonitoring,reliablehightemperaturesensorsarenecessaryandimportant.1,2Traditionalelectricalhightemperaturesensorshavesomedisadvantages,includinglargetemperaturefluctuation,latentdangeroffireaccidentandlowreliability.Opticalfibergratingsensorshavenumerousadvantagesovertraditionalelectricalsensors,suchashigherstabilityandsensitivity,immunitytoelectromagneticinterference,beingcompetentforapplicationinharshenvironments,“smartstructures”andon-sitemeasurements.3,4So,fibergratingsensorsarethemostappropriatesensorsforapplicationsinthefieldsmentionedabove.
FiberBragggrating(FBG)andfiberlongperiodgrating(LPG)areusuallyusedastemperaturesensorhead.ButneithercommonFBGnorcommonLPGcanbeuseddirectlyashightemperaturessensorhead,becausetheywillbedecayedwhenthetemperaturehigherthan200℃andwillbedestroyedwhenthetemperaturehigherthan350℃.5,6So,untilnow,onlyaveryfewkindoftechnologiesonFBGorLPGhightemperaturemeasurementhavebeenresearched.7,8G.BrambillaetchaveresearchedthehightemperaturemeasurementcharacteristicsofFBGsthatwithspecialdopants(suchasSnand/orNa2O).TheydiscoveredthattheseFBGsexhibitunusualoscillationsinreflectivity.9Thesemethodsarenotsuitedforhightemperaturemeasurement.
Thispaperproposestwofibergratinghightemperaturesensors,basedonaFBGwithanoveldesignedstructureassensorheadandaspecialhigh-temperaturestableLPGassensorhead,respectively.Theexperimentalresultsandthecharacteristicsofthesensorsystemsarealsodiscussed.Thetwohightemperaturesensorheadshavebeendesigned,preparedandusedinexperimentssuccessfully.Adynamicrangeof0-800℃andaresolutionof1℃havebeenexperimentallyachievedbyeitherthefirstorthesecondsensorsystem.Experimentalresultsagreewiththeoreticalanalyses.
2.Theoreticalanalyses
2.1Principleofthefirsthightemperaturesensorhead
Fig.1Schematicdiagramofthefirstsensorhead
CommonFBGcannotbeusedashightemperaturesensorheaddirectly,soanovelhightemperatureFBGsensorheadhasbeendesigned.ThesensorheadismainlycomprisedofaFBG(FBG1)andtwometalrods,asshowninfig.1.Thetwometalrodshavedifferentlengthsanddifferentcoefficientsofthermal–expansion(CTE).Thelengthsofthetwometalrodsare
and
respectively.TheCTEsofthetwometalrodsare
and
respectively.Therodsarefixedintooneadiabaticplate.Adiabaticcylinder1andadiabaticcylinder2areusedtoprotectthetwometalrods,inorderthatthereisnotransversethermalradiation.Theleftendsofthetwometalrodsconnecttwoadiabaticrods.FBG1ispre-strainedandgluedtotheendsurfaceoftheadiabaticrodsonpointAandpointB.FBG1isprotectedbyadiabaticcylinder3inorderthatFBG1isnotbemodulatedbytheenvironmenttemperatureandthethermalradiationoftheadiabaticplate.
Thesensingends(seefig.1)touchtheobjectwhosetemperaturetobemeasured.Whenthetemperaturetobemeasuredchanges,thetwometalrodswillhavedifferentelongation,whichwillmakeLchange(thedistancebetweenthetwoadiabaticrods)andFBG1bestrained.Thetemperatureismeasuredwiththebasisofwavelength-shiftsofFBG1.
Theadiabaticcylindersareeffective.Thetransversethermalradiationofthemetalrodsisnegligible.Whentherodsareinheatbalance,thetemperatureofeachmetalrodreduceslinearlyfromwhosesensingendtotheotherend.Forbriefness,thelengthchangeof
isgivenby:
(1)
(2)
Where
and
aretheelongationsofthetwometalrodsrespectively.
and
isthelengthchangeofL,namelytheelongationofFBG1sectionoffiber.
and
(
)arethelength,averagetemperatureandaverageCTEofthejthsubsectionofthemetalrod.ThecorrespondingwavelengthshiftofFBG1(
)isexpressedby:
3,10
(3)
Where
istheeffectivephoto-elasticcoefficientoftheglassfiberwithPossionratio
.
and
arethephoto-elasticcoefficientsoffiber.
istheeffectiverefractiveindexoftheguidemodeinthefiber.Foratypicalfusedsilicafiber,
=0.22.
ThetwometalrodsaremadefromanH62brassrodanda45#carbonsteelrodrespectively.TheCTEsofthetwometalrodsare
and
respectively.
and
havebeenmeasuredanddeterminednumericallyby:
(4)
Inthesametemperaturerange,
islargerthan
.ThecurveofthewavelengthofFBG1havebeentheoreticallysimulatedwithsuppositionsofbothL1=20cm,L2=18cmandL1=18cm,L2=20cmintherangeof0-1000℃asshowninfig.2.
Fig.2Thetemperature-wavelengthresponseofFBG1intherangeof0-1000℃
IfL1=20cmandL2=18cm,theBraggwavelengthofFBG1shiftsalmostlinearlywithtemperatureintherangeof0℃--800℃.Whenthetemperatureascendsfrom0℃to800℃,itshifts6.89nm.ThesensitivityofthesensorisenhancedwhenthemetalrodwithlargerCTEislongerthanthemetalrodwithsmallerCTE,whichcanbeconfirmedbythattheslopeofcurve(a)islargerthantheslopeofcurve(b)infig.2.SotheexperimentsareimplementedintheconditionsofL1=20cmandL2=18cm.
2.2Principleofthesecondhightemperaturesensorsystem
BBS:
broadbandsource,C2,C3:
2×2coupler,PD:
photodiode
IMG:
Indexmatchedgel,DAC,dataacquisitioncard
Fig.3Schematicdiagramofthesecondhightemperaturefibergratingsensor
Fig.3showstheschematicconfigurationofthesecondsensorsystem.AnotherLPG(LPG2)isusedashightemperaturesensinghead.LPG2isavery-high-temperaturestableCO2-laser-inducedgratingandhasalinearfunctionofwavelength-temperatureintherangeof0-800℃.FBG2andFBG3areusedasdemodulationelementandreferenceelement,respectively.LightfromBBSismodulatedbyLPG2andthenilluminatesFBG2viaC2,aswellFBG3viaC2andC3.TheopticalisolatorinterdictsthereflectedlightfromFBG3toreturntoLPG2.ThereflectedlightfromFBG2andFBG3aredetectedbyPD2andPD3,respectively.AlltheIMG(☆)armsendatindexmatchinggel.TheanalogelectricsignalsfromallthePDsarecollectedbytheamplifierandthentheDAC,finallyprocessedbyanddisplayedonthescreenofacomputer.
2.3Interrogationprinciplesofthesensorsystems
Fig.4SchematicreflectionspectrumofFBG1andtransmissionspectrumofLPG1
Wavelengthinterrogationtechnologyisveryimportantforfibergratingsensorsystem.Inthefirstsensorsystem,LPG1isusedasalinearresponseedgefiltertoconvertwavelengthintointensityencodedinformationforinterrogation.LPG1hasbeentemperature-compensationencapsulatedandthewavelengthofitwillnotchange.Fig.4showstheschematicreflectionspectrumofFBG1andthetransmissionspectrumofLPG1usedintheexperiments.TheusefulspectrumregionofLPG1isshowntobenearlylinearoverasufficientlywiderange.9Ifaninterrogationsystemisarrangedaccordingasthewayshowninfig.5(b),lightfromthebroadbandsource(BBS)willbemodulatedbyLPG1andthenilluminatesFBG1.ThereflectedlightfromFBG1isdetectedbyPD1andwillchangewiththeBraggwavelengthshiftofFBG1.ThereforethefilteringmechanismofLPG1yieldsalinearrelationshipbetweenthewavelengthshiftofFBG1andlightintensityPD1detected(
).TheBraggwavelengthofFBG1(
)islocatedattheintensity-ascendingsideoftheappliedlossbandofLPG1,namelybeingattheLPG1curvewithpositiveslope.So
willincreasewhen
shiftslonger.
Inthesecondsensorsystemasshowninfig.3,LPG2isusedashightemperaturesensingheadandFBG2isusedasinterrogationelement.FBG2hasbeentemperature-compensationencapsulatedandthewavelengthofit(
)willnotchange.Theprincipleissimilartotheprinciplementionedabove,becausewhenaLPGandaFBGarematched,eitherthewavelengthshiftoftheLPGoroftheFBGwillcausearelativewavelengthshiftbetweentheLPGandtheFBG.SotheopticalintensityPD2detected(
)willlinearlychangewiththeshiftof
when
isconstant(supposingthat
isthecentralwavelengthoftheappliedlossbandofLPG