跨文化交际整理版.docx
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跨文化交际整理版
跨文化交际技巧参考答案
定义题
1、Interculturalcommunication跨文化交际P3
TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."
2、Individualist个人主义
Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.
3、Collectivist集体主义
Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.
4、publicbehavior/privatebehavior
Publicbehavioristhebehaviorinpublicsettings,suchasinworkplaces,shopsandsoon.Privatebehavioristhebehaviorinprivatelife,suchaswhenyouareathomeorwithyourfamilyandsoon.Bothindividualistandcollectivistculturesmakeadistinctionbetweenpubliclifeandprivatelife.However,individualistWesternculturestendtomakeanespeciallyclearandfirmdistinctionbetweenthepublicandprivate,andgenerallyfeelthatthesetwoaspectsoflifeshouldbekeptseparatefromeachother.Inotherwords,Westernerstendtobelievethathavingapersonalrelationshipwithsomeoneshouldnotaffecthowyoutreatthatpersoninpublic,work-relatedsituations.
5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26
It’saneutralwordwhichisageneralconclusiondrawingfromparticularexamplesorevidence.(Inanyculturegrouptherewillbemanydifferentbeliefsrepresented,butmostofthemembersofthegroupwilltendinacertaindirection.Itisthis"preponderanceofbelief,"—notuniformacceptanceofagivenbelief—thatgivesacultureitsnatureandisthelegitimatesubjectofgeneralization.Peopleinthesameculturesharemanythingsincommon,suchassharedknowledge,sharedvalues,sharedperspectives,sharedbeliefs,sharedbehavior.)
6、Stereotypes老套思路P26
Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.(Awayofthinkingthatdoesnotacknowledgeinternaldifferencewithinagroup,anddoesnotacknowledgeexceptiontoitsgeneralrulesorprinciples.Thesestereotypesareoftenbasedonaccurateinformationbuttheproblemisthatstereotypesblindustoother,equallyimportantaspectsofaperson'scharacterorbehavior.Stereotypesmayhavebeencreatedbydirectexperiencewithonlyoneortwopeoplefromaparticulargroup.Othersareprobablybasedonthesecond-handinformationandopinion,outputfromthemassmedia,andgeneralhabitsofthinking;theymayevenhavebeenformedwithoutanydirectexperiencewithindividualsfromthegroup.Yetmanypeoplearepreparedtoassumethatstereotypeisanaccuraterepresentationofallmembersofaspecificgroup.)
7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33
Differentinrankandpower----equality
Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.
1)Westernersgenerallyhavelessrespectforseniority—age,positionandsoforth—thanwouldbethecaseinacollectivistculture.
2)Westernsocietiesoftentrytolimitthepowerofgovernmentofficials.
3)Westernerstendtohaveasomewhatsuspiciousandevennegativeviewofpowerandauthority.
8、Cultureshock文化冲击P36
Cultureshockisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.
9、ProjectedculturalsimilarityP48
Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink.Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.
10、loosecultureandtightculture
Looseculturedoesn’tdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Theyalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Andthereislesspressureonindividualswithinthesameculturetobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.
Tightculture:
expectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehaviorandthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.
Hereisanexampleofhowpeopledealwithpeoplewhoarebornleft-handed.Intightcultures,childrenwhofavortheirlefthandareencouragedorevenforcedtousetheirrighthandinstead,andthepercentageofleft-handedpeopleintheadultpopulationismuchsmaller.
11、Ethnocentrism民族优越感P59
"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldandidentifywithone’sin-groupandtoevaluateout-groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandards;inotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact,andtendtoviewone’sownculturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthingsasmorereal,orasthe‘right’andnaturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthings.
12、In-groupsandout-groupsP70
In-Groups:
“In-groups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.In-groupsaregroupsofpeopleaboutwhosewelfareweareconcerned,withwhomwearewillingtocooperatewithoutdemandingequitablereturns,andseparationfromwhomleadstodiscomfortorevenpain.
Out-groups:
outgroupsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Out-groupsaregroupsofpeopleaboutwhosewelfarewearenotconcerned,andgroupswithwhomwerequireanequitablereturninordertocooperate.
13、warstoriesP80
Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners.
14lowcontext/highcontext
1.Lowcontext:
thewaywesternerscommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect.Inotherwords,Westernerstendtoputmostoftheirideasandfeelingsintowords,andthenstatetheirideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.It’sgenerallyconsideredagoodthingtogettothepointandsaywhatyoumean,andit’slargelythespeaker’sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermassageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand.--lowcontext,peopleareexpectedtopaymoreattentiontothewordsusedincommunicationthantocontextinwhichthingsaresaid.Theyexpectothersto‘takethemattheirwords’-tobelievethatwhattheysayiswhattheymean.
2.Highcontext:
incollectivistcultures,peopletendtocommunicateinawaythatismoreindirectandsubtle,andlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinerpretingmessagescorrectly.-Highcontext,peopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace-whothespeakeris,whereandwhytheconversationistakingplace,bodylanguage,andsoforth-andwhenpeopleinterpretwhatothersmean,theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Peopleinhighcontextoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude.
问答题
1、Whywouldinterculturalcommunicationbemoredifficultthanthecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromthesameculture?
(Whyisithardtolearnaforeignculture?
)
先定义interculturalcommunication
1)Somestumblin