SAT语法讲义完整版.docx

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SAT语法讲义完整版

SAT语法讲义

IdentifyingSentenceErrors

一、主谓一致

1.就前原则

(1)N1ofN2verb(SAT考试中动词单复数与N1有关,与N2无关)

如:

agroupofstudentsare

thedetailsoftheproblemsare

例:

Thebright(A)fiberglasssculpturesofLuisJimenezhasreceived(B)criticalacclaimnotonly(C)inhishomestate,NewMexico,butalsoin(D)NewYork.

Noerror(E).(P161.1)

(2)名词1+介词+名词2如:

studentsintheclassroom

名词,插入语,verb

名词+doing/done如:

studentsstudyinghard

例:

Flintsfoundin(A)theregionextendingfromtheNileValleyto(B)thehighlandsofeasternIraqatteststo(C)thepresenceofpeoplethereaslongagoas(D)onehundredthousandyears.Noerror(E).(P166.3)

2.“欲擒故纵”法

动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则,如句子太长、太难、太复杂时,用“欲擒故纵”法。

3.动词单复数特殊固定用法

(1)anumberof一些;一般情况下其后动词用复数,(不受任何规律限制);

thenumberof…的数量;其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。

量词考点:

agroup/list/lineof使用“就前原则”

(2)倒装结构:

就后原则。

如:

herecomesthebus

a.地点状语+动词+主语

b.Only置于句首的倒装

例:

Inthefoothillsofthatlargemountainrangeis(A)thesourcesofariverwhosecourse(B)wasnotfullymapped(C)until(D)thiscentury.Noerror(E).(P776.19)

例:

Airpollutioncausedbyindustrialfumeshasbeenstudied(A)foryears,but(B)onlyrecentlyhas(C)theharmfuleffectsofnoisepollutionbecome(D)known.Noerror(E).(P167.6)

4.名词

集合名词:

family,group,stuff,team,community,只要这些词以单数结尾,后面的谓语动词都用单数。

people,cattle,police:

其后的谓语动词用复数

以s结尾的词:

means,species,news

以cs结尾的词:

physics,mathematics,不表示复数,是单数。

以us结尾的词:

octopus(章鱼),platypus(鸭嘴兽),-saurus(恐龙)

考点:

名词的单复数

作业:

P410.23、24,P472.22,P602.27,P721.24、26、29,P839.20、27,P894.16,P956.12,P776.12,P839.25,P957.19、28,P471.17,P534.18。

二、平行结构

(1)名词,名词,and名词

例:

EachtimeCarolineturnsonhercomputer,shehas(A)toenteracompanycode,thenherinitials,andthenentersapassword(B)before(C)shecanbeginworking(D).Noerror(E).(P166.2)

例:

Ofthehundredsofwarm-watercoralspecies,onlyafew(A)arehighlyprized(B)foruseinjewelrybecauseoftheir(C)beauty,luster,andtheyarehard(D).Noerror(E).(P533.12)

(2)两者之间的平行

如:

notonly…,butalso…

neither…,nor…

either…,or…

…and/but….

例:

Thelaborunionisnegotiating(A)acontractwiththehospitalthat(B)willsatisfy(C)thedemandsoftheworkersandbeacceptableto(D)alllevelsofmanagement.Noerror(E).(P601.13)

(3)句子的平行

考点:

同类比较

特点:

-er,more,than,as,like,unlike,compareto/with.

如:

ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofAmerica.

所有格和所有格之间比较时,第二个所有格是不能省略的,需要补充thatof/thoseof/’s。

作业:

P601.13,P777.28,P599.3,P410.21、29,P602.20、22,P659.25,P660.27,P720.14、18。

三、形容词和副词

adj.+n./pron.

adv.+v./adj./adv.

如:

Ifindthebookeasy.

Ifindthebookeasily.

例:

Althoughcanoeingthrough(A)therapidswasexciting,itwas(B)alsoexhausting,andwewerehappyforatimetohavethecanoefloatserene(C)down(D)asmoothstretchoftheriver.Noerror(E).(P838.12)

笔记:

serene平静的;serenely平静地

如:

快速的发展中的国家rapidlydevelopingcountry

例:

Theresearchstudyreveals(A)startlingproofofaconstant(B)changingseafloorthatcomprises(C)themajorpartof(D)theunderwaterlandscape.Noerror(E).(P602.29)

例:

Justhow(A)criticalanimprovedbalanceoftradeisto(B)ahealthyeconomyhasneverbeen(C)moreclearer(D)thanitisnow.Noerror(E).(P659.18)

作业:

P167.7,P192.14,P409.17,P660.29,P721.22,P894.13,P896.27,P957.23。

四、逻辑主语

(1)Doing/done…,SVO.

如:

Beatenblackandblue,Kittyiscrying.

Beatingblackandblue,Kittyiscrying.

例:

Contrastingwith(A)mostother(B)fifteenth-centuryrulers,PortugueseKingscouldcounton(C)thesupportofthearistocracyinany(D)overseasventures.Noerror(E)

例:

Raisedinalargeandnoisycity,itwasonlywhenIwentawaytocollegethatIrealizedhowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe.(P955.11)

(A)itwasonlywhenIwentawaytocollegethatIrealizedhowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe

(B)whenIwentawaytocollegeIthenrealizedhowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe

(C)goingawaytocollegemademerealizehowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbe

(D)IdidnotrealizehowdelightfullifeinasmalltowncouldbeuntilIwentawaytocollege

(E)delightfullifeinasmalltownwasunrealizedbymeuntilIwentawaytocollege

例:

WhileworkingasanurseinthestreetsofCalcutta,thatwaswhenMotherTeresadevelopedaprofoundloveforthepoor.(P892.1)

(A)thatwaswhenMotherTeresadevelopedaprofoundloveforthepoor

(B)MotherTeresadevelopedaprofoundloveforthepoor

(C)thenthedevelopmentofMotherTeresa’sprofoundloveforthepoortookplace

(D)MotherTeresa’sprofoundloveforthepoordeveloped

(E)aprofoundloveforthepoordevelopedinMotherTeresa

例:

Havingthoughttheproblemthroughwithsomecare,thatthecommitteedidnotunderstandhersolutionfrustratedthechairpersonextremely.(P599.5)

(A)thatthecommitteedidnotunderstandhersolutionfrustratedthechairpersonextremely

(B)thechairperson’sextremelyfrustrationresultedfromthecommitteenotunderstandinghersolution

(C)thechairperson’sfrustrationatthecommittee’sfailingtounderstandhersolutionwasextreme

(D)thechairpersonwasextremelyfrustratedbythecommittee’sfailuretounderstandhersolution

(E)thecommittee’sfailingtounderstandhersolutionwasanextremefrustrationtothechairperson

while/when/by/on/throughDoing/done…,SVO.

例:

BysimplyenteringanInternetwebsiteorcallingatoll-freenumber,acatalogordercanbeplacedforalmostanythingfromcheesecakestofullyequippeddesktopcomputers.(P616.12)

(A)acatalogordercanbeplaced

(B)byplacingacatalogorder

(C)theywillplaceyourcatalogorder

(D)youcanplaceacatalogorder

(E)yourcatalogordercanbeplaced

例:

Indicatingtheirdesiretoextendfreeenterprise,Canadianselectedamemberof

theProgressiveConservativeParty,KimCampbell,asPrimeMinisterin1993.

(P493.13)

(A)CanadianselectedamemberoftheProgressiveConservativeParty,KimCampbell,asPrimeMinister

(B)Canadians’electionofamemberoftheProgressiveConservativePartyasPrimeMinisterwasKimCampbell

(C)KimCampbelloftheProgressiveConservativePartywaselectedPrimeMinisterofCanada

(D)theProgressiveConservativeParty’sKimCampbellwaselectedPrimeMinisterofCanadians

(E)amemberoftheProgressiveConservativeParty,KimCampbell,waselectedbyCanadiansasPrimeMinister

例:

Thoughnowoneofthemostfamousabstractartists,criticsonceridiculedJacksonPollockforhistechniqueofsplatteringpaintoncanvases.(P532.8)

(A)criticsonceridiculedJacksonPollock

(B)criticsoncewereridiculingJacksonPollock

(C)JacksonPollockonceridiculedbycritics

(D)JacksonPollockwasonceridiculedbycritics

(E)JacksonPollock,havingoncebeenridiculedbycritics

(2)SVO,doing/done….S与分词

SVOdoing/done….O与分词

如:

Theboysarewatchingagalaxyofbeautiespassingby,slobbering.

例:

During(A)mymostrecent(B)trip,Icameacross(C)awonderfulantiquestorewandering(D)intheoldquarterofthecity.Noerror(E).(P533.16)

作业:

P955.5,P190.2,P534.21,P846.2。

五、代词

代词一定要确切指明具体对象。

(1)单复数

例:

Thestarlingissucha(A)pestinruralareasthatithasbecome(B)necessarytofindways(C)ofcontrollingthegrowthoftheir(D)population.Noerror(E)(P167.8)

例:

Contrastingwith(A)mostother(B)fifteenth-centuryrulers,PortugueseKingscouldcounton(C)thesupportofthearistocracyinany(D)overseasventures.Noerror(E)

(2)主格,宾格

主格:

I,we,they

宾格:

me,us,him,her

区别:

做主格一般出现在句首,做宾格的一般出现在动词、介词后。

宾语:

动词宾语、介词宾语。

例:

ThereportAlexanderisdiscussing(A),areportpreparedjointlybyhe(B)andthecommittee,doesnottakeintoaccount(C)thesocioeconomicstatusofthoseinterviewed(D).Noerror(E)(P602.21)

例:

Apparentlyimpressedwith(A)ourplans,thefoundationawardedCarlosandI(B)agranttoestablish(C)anetworkofcommunitycentersthroughout(D)thecity.Noerror(E)(P602.26)

例:

Forwe(A)students,concernaboutimpending(B)tuitionhikeswasevenmoreacutethan(C)apprehensionabout(D)finalexams.Noerror(E)(P721.27)

(3)one,you不能相互指代

one与he/she对应;ones与they对应

例:

Forpeoplein(A)manyancientsocieties,workwasonlyameansof(B)survivalratherthan(C)awaytoimproveyour(D)standardofliving.Noerror(E)(P838.19)

(4)this划线

(5)which,who,whom,that

考点:

which不能指代人,who,whom不能指代物。

例:

Candymanufacturersapplaudedthediscoveryby(A)researchersthatstudentswhich(B)smellchocolatewhilestudyingandagainwhiletaking(C)atestareableto(D)recallmorematerialthanstudentsnotexposedtotheodorofchocolate.Noerror(E)(P894.15)

例:

Inaworldthat(A)therateoftechnologicalandsocialchangeacceleratesfrighteningly(B),changeitself(C)oftenseemstobetheonlyconstant(D).Noerror(E)(P957.21)

Where,inwhich的区别:

介词+which的用法>where

作业:

P410.26,P472.28,P534.20,P601.15,P602.28,P659.20,P660.28,P720.15,P721.20,P776.14,P777.23、25,P839.24、26,P957.26。

六、时态

(1)现在类

一般现在时,现在完成时,现在进行时,现在将来时。

(2)过去类

一般过去时,过去完成时,过去进行时,过去将来时。

例:

Jeromeoftenreferredto(A)arthistorytextbookwhilehe(B)wassculpting;wheneverhelearnedanewmethodinartclass,heseeksout(C)theworkofsculptorswhohadusedit(D)inthepast.Noerror(E)(P409.15)

例:

Someoftheworkerswhoresent(A)thesupervisor’sauthoritywouldprobably(B)feeluncomfortableif(C)theyweretoacquiretheindependencethattheydemand(D).Noerror(E)(P839.22)

(3)不规则动词的过去分词

例:

AlthoughbornintheMidwest,LangstonHugheslivedmostofhisadultlifeinHarlem,inNewYorkCity,where(A),like(B)otherwritersinthe1930’s,hehadwrote(C)someofhisfinest(D)works.Noerror(E)(P894.12)

作业:

P409.15,P471.16,P534.24,P658.12,P720.13,P777.21,P838.16,P839.22,P894.20。

七、介词

(1)基础介词的搭配

(2)把介词的固定用法出得很长

(3)常考的点:

有能力去做—beableto

haveabilit

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