针对我国应试教育对高中生的负面影响.docx
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针对我国应试教育对高中生的负面影响
TheNegativeInfluenceofExam-OrientedEducationforChineseHighSchoolStudent:
BackwashfromClassroom
YuebingZang
ShinawatraUniversity
ED501PrinciplesandPhilosophyofLanguageTeachingandLearning
RobertKirkpatrick
August8
Abstract
ThereisaproblemmakestudentsandteachersareverypuzzlinginChinathatisexam-orientededucation.ThisarticlemainlyexpoundsthenegativeinfluencetoChinesehighschoolstudents.Studentsstudyeverydayonlyforonething-exam.ThisbecomesamodelforChineseeducationandstudentsbecomeamachineforstudy.Thiseducationsystemlimitstudent'simagination,creativepower,andself-awarenessforce.Meanwhile,italsoaffectedstudentspsychological.Howtodecreasethenegativeinfluenceareassociatedwithexam-orientededucationisaChinesepeoplecareabout.
TheNegativeInfluenceofExam-OrientedEducationforChineseHighSchoolStudents:
BackwashfromClassroom
Nowadays,studentswhostudyinChinesehighschoolareveryhardbecausetheyarestudyeverydayandtesteveryday.Theirlifeisthreepointsoneline:
home-school-home.Theystartclassat7:
00am(formorningreading)thentheystartfirstclassat8:
00am.Every45minuteshave10minutesbreakuntil12am.Afternoonclassesbeginat14:
30pmuntil18:
00pm.Sotheyhave8classesinoneday(notincludemorningreading).Sometimes,highschoolstudentsmayhave3-4testsinoneday.Theyhavenoextracurricularactivitiesandtheyhavesomanyhomeworkneedtodo.Intheeducationmode,studentslostafreedevelopmentofspace,theyarelearning,andithasalsobecomeakindofpatternizingeducation.
Whatisexam-orientededucation?
Exam-orientededucationisoftenregardedasastresstopasstheexamtomarktomeasurestudent'slevel.Thisisateachingmodeforthepurposeofselectedafewpeoplefrommostpeopleandsendstheyintohighlevelschool.Themeaningof"exam-oriented"is"dealwith"educationandsociallifeinallnecessarytests.Educationwascontains"exam-oriented"component,similarly"exam-oriented"alsobeanimportantpartforeducation.Butexam-orientedabsolutelycannotbemainpartorwholebodyforeducation.Whenitbecomemalformedthatoccupymostorwholeofeducation,educationwillbeanotnormalstatus.Rightnow,exam-orientededucationcomesintobeing.(ZhiaoLi,2009)
InChina,allhighschoolstudentshaveasameobjective-gaokao;theydosomanytestsatordinarydaysonlyforgetahighscoreinthegaokao.Studentsmustmemorizevastamountsofinformationtopassmajortests,withthebiggestdeterminingfactorinwhoattendseliteuniversitiesandwhodoesnotbeingthegaokao,China'sgrueling,ultra-competitiveuniversityentranceexam.Chinesespendmuchoftheirchildhoodmemorizingandwritingcharacters.Bythetimeastudentis15heorshehasspentfourorfivehoursadayovernineyearslearningtowriteaminimumof3,000characters.MyterriblememoryinYunnan,myhometown,teachertaughtabouttestcontenteverydaytomakesurestudentsgottoknowhowtosolveproblems.Studentshavetodealwithtonsofexaminationpaperseveryday.StephenWong(2009)wroteintheAsiaTimes,"It'spossiblethatnoothercountryhasasmanyexamsasChina".Fromschooladmissionsandjobrecruitmenttopromotioninthecivilservice,examsareaninseparablepartofChineselifeincompletestatisticsshowthatare200government-organizednationwideexaminationsandthatnearly40millionpeopletakenationaltestseachyear.Thenumberwouldbemuchbiggeriflocal-leveltestswereincludedonthelist.AStanfordUniversitymathprofessorwhostudiedthemathcurriculainEastAsiatoldtheLosAngelesTimes."Thereisaverysmallbodyoffactualmathematicsthatstudentsneedtolearnbuttheneedtolearnitreally,rallywell."
ThesourceofthepressureforChinesehighschoolstudents
Exam-orientededucationvaluehighscorestudentsbutneglectmoststudentsandpoorstudents.Notsomuchvaluehighscorestudentsasvaluehighscore.Today,inChina,teachersandparentsallthinkscoresaretheonlystandardtoevaluatestudents.Highscoreswillberewardedwhilelowscoreswillbepunished.Thisviolatedtheobligationoftheeducationaim,andviolated"educationopportunitiesareequal".Exam-orientededucationaroundtestsanddemandofenterahigherschool,highschoolteachersalwaystestwhatthenteachwhat.Justteachcontentoftest,schoolandteacherignoresstudent'scultivationofabilityoutsidetest.Thereisaarticlefrom《BostonGlobe》,AmericanstudentsintheeyesoftheChineseeducation:
Allforexamination
Theirentireeducationarelikelytorememberallthethingsthatappearintheexam.(…)Chinesestudentsdoalldaysilentrecitationandwrittenexercisesalone,orinunisontodooralexercises.Theirentireeducationisalllikelytoremembereverythingintheexam(firstexam,andthentheentrance).ItcanbeunderstandablebecauseChinesepublicschoolanduniversityadmitbyexaminationalldependonscores.Intheworld'smostpopulouscountry,thetopuniversitieswillfacecompetitionforavowedtoHarvard'sAmericanstudentsfeeltheshame
ChinesestudentslessonsstrictdegreemorethanallAmericanstudents,thissituationinthebigcitiesandthesuburbsandRichCountyespeciallyserious.ThesestudentsareunderpressurethanmostAmericanstudentsofimagination.(…)Studentslackofdiscussanddigesttheopportunitytoapplytheknowledge,digestivelesssomeoneintheextracurricularinvolvedinpoliticaldiscussions.IntheUnitedStatesaseducationisonepartofthedecision-makingandprudentthinkingabout,highschoolstudentsinChinaalmostdidn'thaveanyexperience.China'sschoolhasmanyadvantages,buttheydon'ttrainphilosopher.
Exam-orientededucationnotonlyincreasestudents'schoolworkburdenalsomakestudentsabilitycannotgetfulltraining.Studentshavenofreetime,whenweekendtheyneedgotocramschoolthenstudyagainanddomanytestagain.InChinesehighschoolclassroom,youcanseetherearemorethan10booksontheirdesk.Thesebooksnotonlytheirtextbooksalsoincludepracticingbooks.Fromhighschooltheystartwithaninvisiblepressure,istopassthecollegeentranceexamination.InChina,mostteachers,parentsandstudentsallthinkgotouniversityisonlywaytosuccess.Accordingtostatistics,70%Chinesehighschoolstudentswhoarenotpassexaminationlettheycan'tgotouniversity,mostoftheybelievehavenoprospectsinthefuture.Suchbeliefsarelikelytoaccompanytheirlifetime,thattheymindpotentialwascompletelyinhibition.Asanxietymakers,examinationsaresecondtonone.Thatisbecausesomuchdependsonthem.Theyarethemarkofsuccessorfailureinoursociety.Yourwholefuturemaybedecidedinonefatefulday.Themomentachildbeginsschool,heentersaworldofsharpcompetitionwheresuccessandfailureareclearlydefinedandmeasured.Canwewonderattheincreasingnumberofdrop-outs:
youngpeoplewhoarewrittenoffasutterfailuresbeforetheyhavebegunacareer?
Canwebesurprisedatthesuiciderateamongstudents?
OnMarch14,2003,abeautifulChinesegirlXiaoxudiedofcerebralhemorrhageduetoconstantoverwork,atherageof14.Shewasatypicalgoodstudent.Welearnedfromherdiariesthatshegotupat4amandwenttobedatmidnighteveryday.Shejusthadafewhoursforrest.Shealmosthadnovocations(ZhiheWang,2011).Followingisherstudyscheduleforawinterbreak
6:
30amgetup
8:
00am-11amhomework
1:
00pm-2:
00pmpracticemath
2:
00pm-2:
30pmpre-studytheEnglishbookofnextsemester
2:
30pm-3:
00pmreadingGuidetoLiteratureClassics
3:
00pm-4:
00pmreadingreferencebooks
Reciteanancientpoem
Finishpracticingoneunitmathquestionsexercise
StudyEnglishNewThinkinginClass
StudyMath'sNewThinkinginClass
PracticeCalligraphy
SaturdayselfstudyTargetEnglish
SundaySelfstudyTargetEnglish
ComposetwopapersinEnglishperweek
ComposetwopapersinChineseperweek
Withoutadoubt,shewasextremelyoverwhelmedbythebooklearning.
Ironically,qualityeducationunderexam-orientededucationalsohasplayedanimportantroleinpushinghertodeath.RecentlyqualityeducationhasbecomeveryfashionableinChina.Byqualityeducation,mainlyfocusesontrainingstudent'stalentsonmusicandpaining.Itisalsocalled"Thesecondclassroom."Itisnothingwrongtodoeducation;thepointisthatoriginalimplicationofqualityeducationwasdistortedbytoomanytests.Inherdiary,Xiaoxu(2003)wrote
"Rightnowpeoplepraisequalityeducation,thesecondclassroom,theawards,thecertificates,however,whichoneiswithouttest?
"
OnFebruary28,2003,halfamonthbeforeshedied,Xiaoxuwrotesuchaparagraphinherdiary
"Thenewsemesterwillstarttomorrow.Imustachievethebestmarks.Mtoriginaldreamistobecomeamedicaldoctor.NowIbadlywanttobecomeaneducator.Iwillletallparentsandchildrenfeeleasy"
Asweknow,examhasbeenplayingavitalroleineducationsystem.Unfortunate,Xiaoxuisavictimofexam-orientededucation;herdeathurgesustorethinkexam-orientededucation.ThissituationisveryevidentinChinatoday,examisnotonlyjustifiedastheimportantmeanofrealizingequalitydemocracyandsocialjustice,butalsoturnsouttobetheaimofeducation.
Theresultofexam-orientededucation,mostofstudentshavebeenignored,theyproduceweariness,developmentone-sided,personalityrepressedandlackofcontinueddevelopmentofability.Thisisanotnormaleducation,theexamasthewholeeducation'scentreofgravity.Inaddition,recentlyapsychologicalsurveyshowed32%outof10thousandseleme