语言学名词解释 合集.docx

语言学名词解释 合集.docx

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语言学名词解释合集

英语语言学名词解释

Synchronic:

saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.Diachronic:

saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.

Arbitrariness:

theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.

Duality:

thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels;meaningfulunitsandmeaninglesssegments.

Competence:

unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.Performance:

thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.Langue:

thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.

Parole:

theconcreteutterancesofspeaker.

Morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

Inflection:

isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached.

Root:

referstothebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutlossofidentity.Stem:

isanymorphemeorcombinationsofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

Acronym:

ismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

Syntax:

thestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure.

Subordination:

theprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus,onebeingdependentupontheother,andusuallyaconstituentoftheother.Denotation:

denotationinvolvestherelationshipbetweenalinguisticunitandthenon-linguisticentitiestowhichitrefers.

Connotation:

propertiesoftheentityaworddenote.

Synonymy:

synonymyisthetechnicalnameforoneofthesenserelationsbetweenlinguisticunits,namelythesamenessrelation.

Hyponymy:

thetechnicalnameforinclusivenesssenserelation,isamatterofclassmembership.

Entailment:

Thisalogicrelationshipbetweentwosentencesinwhichthetruthofthesecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst,whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond.Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’call.

CriticalPeriodHypothesisThecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition语言获得的关键期EricLennebergwasamajorproponent.

Thecriticalperiodhypothesis关键期假设Itreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty,duringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftly,andwithoutexplicitinstruction.Itcoincideswiththeprocessofbrainlateralization.Priortothisperiod,bothhemispheresareinvolvedtosomeextentinlanguageandonecantakeoveriftheotherisdamaged.「语言学习关键期」（thecriticalperiod）的争议。

认同「愈早开始学习外语，成效愈好」的人，在学理上常引用「语言学习关键期假说」（TheCriticalPeriodHypothesis）来论证此项观点。

1959年，神经生理学家Penfield和Roberts从大脑可塑性的角度，提出十岁以前，是学习语言的最佳年龄。

哈佛大学心理学教授DavidLenneberg（1967）则从医学临床经验，以「神经生理学的观点」有系统地解释「语言学习关键期」，他认为人的大脑从二岁开始边化（lateralization）[4]，在边化完成前，人是用全脑来学习语言，约在青春期左右，大脑会完成边化，从此，语言学习主要由左边大脑负责。

人脑「边化」后的语言学习不如全脑学习时期来得好。

因此，语言学习最好在大脑完成边化之前，这也就是所谓的「语言学习关键期」。

除了Lenneberg外，Bickerton（1981）和Coppieters（1987）的研究结果也倾向支持「语言学习关键期」的存在。

Lenneberg提出「语言学习关键期假说」主要用来解释第一语（母语）的学习。

而ThomasScovel（1969）更将此假说的解释范围扩及第一语以外的语言学习。

acculturationn.文化传入,文化适应Acculturationistheobtainmentofculturebyanindividualoragroupofpeople.Thetermoriginallyappliedonlytotheprocessconcerningaforeignculture,fromtheacculturingoracculturedrecipientpointofview,havingthisforeigncultureaddedandmixedwiththatofhisorheralreadyexistingoneacquiredsincebirth.However,thetermnowhascometomean,inaddition,thechild-acquisitionacculturationofnativeculturesinceinfancyinthehousehold.Achild'slearningofitsfirstcultureisalsocalledenculturationormerelysocialization.Thetraditionaldefinitionsometimesdifferentiatebetweenacculturationbyanindividual（transculturation）andthatbyagroup,usuallyverylarge（acculturation）.Theoldandthenewadditionaldefinitionshaveaboundarythatblursinmodernmulticulturalsocieties,whereachildofanimmigrantfamilymightbeencouragedtoacculturateboththedominantalsowellastheancestralculture,eitherofwhichmaybeconsidered"foreign",butinfact,theyarebothintegralpartsofthechild'sdevelopment.

Productivityreferstotheabilitytotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofsentencesinone‘snativelanguage,includingthosethathasneverheardbefore,butthatareappropriatetothespeakingsituation.Noonehaseversaidorheard―Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthesmallhotelbedwithanAfricangibbon‖,buthecansayitwhennecessary,andhecanunderstanditinrightregister.Differentfromartisticcreativity,though,productivitynevergoesoutsidethelanguage,thusalsocalled―rule-boundcreativity‖（byN.Chomsky）.6.Whatisdisplacement?

“Displacement‖,asoneofthedesignfeaturesofthehumanlanguage,referstothefactthatonecantalkaboutthingsthatarenotpresent,aseasilyashedoesthingspresent.Inotherwords,onecanrefertorealandunrealthings,thingsofthepast,ofthepresent,ofthefuture.Languageitselfcanbetalkedabouttoo.Whenaman,forexample,iscryingtoawoman,aboutsomething,itmightbesomethingthathadoccurred,orsomethingthatisoccurring,orsomethingthatistooccur.Whenadogisbarking,however,youcandecideitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistsnowandthere.Itcouldn‘tbebow-wowingsorrowfullyforabonetobelost.Thebee‘ssystem,nonetheless,hasasmallshareof―displacement‖,butitisanunspeakabletinyshare.7.Whatisculturaltransmission?

Thismeansthatlanguageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,butthatthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeaker.Itistruethatthecapacityforlanguageinhumanbeings（N.Chomskycalledit―languageacquisitiondevice‖,orLAD）hasageneticbasis,buttheparticularlanguageapersonlearnstospeakisaculturaloneotherthanageneticonelikethedog‘sbarkingsystem.Ifahumanbeingisbroughtupinisolationhecannotacquirelanguage.TheWolfChildrearedbythepackofwolvesturnedouttospeakthewolf‘sroaring―tongue‖whenhewassaved.Helearnedthereafter,withnosmalldifficulty,theABCofacertainhumanlanguage.8.Whatisinterchangeability?

Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.Thoughsomepeoplesuggestthatthereissexdifferentiationintheactuallanguageuse,inotherwords,menandwomenmaysaydifferentthings,yetinprinciplethereisnosound,orwordorsentencethatamancanutterandawomancannot,orviceversa.Ontheotherhand,apersoncanbethespeakerwhiletheotherpersonisthelistenerandastheturnmovesontothelistener,hecanbethespeakerandthefirstspeakeristolisten.Itisturn-takingthatmakessocialcommunicationpossibleandacceptable.Somemalebirds,however,uttersomecallswhichfemalesdonot（orcannot）.Whenadogbarks,alltheneighboringdogsbark.Thenpeoplearoundcanhardlytellwhichdog（dogs）is（are）―speaking‖andwhichlistening.9.Whydolinguistssaylanguageishumanspecific?

Firstofall,humanlanguagehassix―designfeatures‖whichanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothave,atleastnotinthetruesenseofthem.Secondly,linguistshavedonealottryingtoteachanimalssuchaschimpanzeestospeakahumanlanguagebuthaveachievednothinginspiring.Washoe,afemalechimpanzee,wasbroughtuplikeahumanchildbyBeatniceandAlanGardner.Shewastaught―AmericansignLanguage‖,andlearnedalittlethatmadetheteachershappybut

didmotmakethelinguisticscirclehappy,forfewbelievedinteachingchimpanzees.Thirdly,ahumanchildrearedamonganimalscannotspeakahumanlanguage,notevenwhenheistakenbackandtaughttodoso.10.Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?

Languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:

phatic,directive,Informative,interrogative,expressive,evocativeandperformative.AccordingtoWangGang（1988,p.11）,languagehasthreemainfunctions:

atoolofcommunication,atoolwherebypeoplelearnabouttheworld,andatoolbywhichpeoplelearnabouttheworld,andatoolbywhichpeoplecreateart.M.A.K.Halliday,representativeoftheLondonschool,recognizesthree―Macro-Functions‖:

ideational,interpersonalandtextual.11.Whatisthephaticfunction?

The―phaticfunction‖referstolanguagebeingusedforsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontacts（ratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas）.Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishandonclothinginChineseallservethisfunction.Muchofthephaticlanguage（e.g.―Howareyou?

‖―Fine,thanks.‖）isinsincereiftakenliterally,butitisimportant.Ifyoudon'tsay―Hello‖toafriendyoumeet,orifyoudon‘tanswerhis―Hi‖,youruinyourfriendship.12.Whatisthedirectivefunction?

The―directivefunction‖meansthatlanguagemaybeusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesperformthisfunction,e.g.,―Tellmetheresultwhenyoufinish.‖Othersyntacticstructuresorsentencesofothersortscan,accordingtoJ.A