定语从句北京四中.docx
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定语从句北京四中
北京四中
【语法一点通】
定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语,由关系代词或关系副词引出。
关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫做先行词。
定语从句通常放在先行词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词有:
who,whom,whose,that,which等。
引导定语从句的关系副词有:
when,where,why等。
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句:
关系代词所代替的先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.关系代词who,whom,that引导的定语从句
这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语。
eg.Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?
他就是想见你的人吗?
(who/that在从句中作主语)
Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2.关系代词whose引导的定语从句
whose用来指人或物,只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换。
eg.Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.
那个人的车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen./Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3.关系代词which,that引导的定语从句
关系代词which,that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
eg.Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(which/that在句中作主语)
Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisblue.
你拿的包是蓝色的。
(which/that在句中作宾语)
注意:
口语中,作动词宾语或介词宾语(这时介词不可在关系代词前)的关系代词常可省略。
eg.Haveyoufoundthebook(that)youwant?
你找到你想要的书了吗?
(that可以省略)
Thisistheman(whom)wehavetalkedabout.
这就是我们谈论的那个人。
(whom可以省略)
但要注意Thisisthemanaboutwhomwetalked.中的whom不可省略。
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。
eg. Beijingistheplacewhere/inwhichIwasborn.北京是我的出生地。
Isthisthereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedouroffer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
(三)关系代词与关系副词的辨析
方法一:
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。
及物动词后面无宾语,就必须用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
eg.ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
判断改错:
[误]ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.
这就是去年我参观过的山村。
[误]IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的那些日子。
[正]Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.
[正]I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.
习惯上总是表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,which联系在一起,此两题就错在关系词的误用上。
关系代词代替village等在定语从句中作宾语,用that也可以。
where一般用作状语,在这里visit和spentd是及物动词,所以这里不用where。
方法二:
准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词或关系副词。
例1:
Isthismuseum________youvisitedafewdaysago?
A.where B.when C.onwhich D.theone
例2:
Isthisthemuseum________theexhibitionwasheld?
A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone
答案:
1.D 2.A
分析:
例1变为肯定句为:
Thismuseumis________youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句为:
Thisisthemuseum________theexhibitionwasheld.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where,when,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的定语,而要填的关系副词是从句的状语,表地点,既可用副词where,又因inthemuseum词组,也可用介词in+which作为地点状语。
而选项C中,介词on用得不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在于它在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whose,whom,that,which);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。
(四)介词+关系词的情况
1.介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2.that,who前不能有介词。
3.某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。
eg.ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.(=ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.)这是我两年前住过的房子。
Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?
(=Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?
)还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
(五)学习定语从句应注意的几个问题
1.关系代词只使用that,不使用which的情况:
①先行词是指物的不定代词,如all,much,little,everything,nothing等时:
That'sallthatIhaveseenandheard.那就是我的全部见闻。
②指物的先行词被不定代词all,few,little,much,very,some,no等修饰,或被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等限定词修饰时:
Thisistheverydictionarythatisofgreathelp.那正是那本极有用的字典。
③先行词既指人又指物时:
Myfatherandhisteachertalkedalotaboutthethingsandpersonsthattheycouldremember.
我父亲和他的老师谈了很多他们记得的人和事。
④关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时:
Ourschoolisnottheonethatisusedtobe.我们学校不再是从前的那所学校。
⑤指物的先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰:
ThisisthebestEnglishfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我曾看到过的最好的英语电影。
⑥主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句,而中心语是指人或物时:
Whoisthegirlthatisstandingunderthetree?
树下站的女孩是谁?
WhichisthemachinethatweusedlastSunday?
我们上个礼拜天用的那台机器呢?
2.关系代词不宜用that的情况:
①关系代词前有介词时:
ThisistheroominwhichLuXunlived.这是鲁迅住过的房间。
②非限制性定语从句中:
Hehasadaughter,whoworksinahospital.他有一个女儿,她在医院工作。
③先行词本身就是that:
Thecookisthatwhichtellsthetime.钟表是告知时间的。
3.定语从句中主谓一致问题:
当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持一致。
Tomisoneoftheboyswhoarefromthe USA.汤姆是来自美国的众多男孩中的一个。
Tomistheonlyboythatisfromthe USA.汤姆是唯一一个从美国来的男孩。
4.定语从句中动词时态问题:
定语从句可根据表达需要选用相应时态。
WhereisthestudentwhomImetjustnow?
我刚才遇到的那位学生在哪里?
WhereisthestudentwhomIwillvisitsoon?
我将要拜访的学生在哪里?
Whereisthestudentwhoisondutytoday?
今天值日的学生在哪里?
语法练习:
一、选择题
1.Theplace________interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.
A.which B.where C.what D.inwhich
2.Doyouknowtheman________?
A.whomIspoke B.towhospoke C.Ispoketo D.thatIspoke
3.Thisisthehotel________lastmonth.
A.whichtheystayed B.atthattheystayed
C.wheretheystayedat D.wheretheystayed
4.Doyouknowtheyear________theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?
A.which B.whose C.when D.onwhich
5.Thisistheday________I'llneverforget.
A.which B.onwhich C.inwhich D.when
6.Thefactory________we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.
A.where B.towhich C.which D.inwhich
7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory________weareworking.
A.where B.that C.which D.there
8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms________.
A.thathavebeenshownthisyear B.thathaveshown
C.thathasbeenshownthisyear D.thatyoutalked
9.Canyoulendmethebook________theotherday?
A.aboutwhichyoutalked B.whichyoutalked
C.aboutthatyoutalked D.thatyoutalked
10.Thepen________heiswritingismine.
A.withwhich B.inwhich C.onwhich D.bywhich
二、用定语从句的引导词that,who,whom,whose,where,when或which填空。
1.Thisistheprofessor________taughtmechemistryin1980.
2.Thehospital________wasbuiltfiveyearsagohasbeenmodernized.
3.Thisistheboy________fatherdiedthreeyearsago.
4.Thefilm________wesawthedaybeforeyesterdayisveryinteresting.
5.Doyouknowthestudent________waspraisedatthemeeting?
答案:
一、1.A 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.A 10.A
二、1.who/that 2.which/that 3.whose 4.which/that 5.who/that
北京四中
同步训练
Ⅰ.选择题
1.Don'tencourage________bydoingthingsforhim.
A.himbelazy B.himtobeinglazy C.hislaziness D.himbecominglazy
2.Thefurniturelookswonderful________itismadebyasmallcompany.
A.except B.exceptfor C.besides D.exceptthat
3.Thefurniturelookswonderful________itscolor.Doyouhaveanyotherchoiceinyourshop?
A.except B.exceptfor C.exceptthat D.besides
4.Thefurniturelookswonderful______itscolor.Iwilltakeit.
A.except B.exceptfor C.besides D.exceptthat
5.Herushedoutofthebank____asuitcaseinhishand.
A.for B.by C.with D.as
6.Heboughtavase______famouspicturesonitfor200Yuan.
A.with B.about C.has D.have
7.Thestudentbeganhisspeech_____apoem.
A.for B.with C.as D.before
8.Beforehelearnedhowto______,hehadtoknowsomethingabouthow______aremixed.
A.paint…paints B.paints…paint C.paintings…paint D.paint…paintings
9.He______thedooragain,becausethe______onithadbeenscratched.
A.paint…paint B.paints…paints C.painted…paints D.painted…paint
10.Wehadseveral_____onthewayuptothetopofthemountain.Actuallywehadtostopto_____fromtimetotimebecausewehadagirlinthegroup.
A.rests…rests B.rest…rests C.rests…rest D.rest…rest
11.Theyare_______abouttheirjourneytotheWest,andtheyhavehadseveral_____aboutit.
A.discussion…discussions B.discussing…discusses
C.discussing…discussions D.discussions…discussion
12.Ican't_______thewordfor“sky”inSpanish.
A.thinkover B.thinkabout C.thinkof D.think
13.Iwill______yourplanandgiveyouananswertomorrow.
A.thinkover B.thinkabout C.thinkof D.think
Ⅱ.完形填空
Ifyouare1____entertainment,listen2____musicquietly!
Musichasbecome3____importantpartofourlives.
4____peoplelikedifferentkindsof5____.Forme,Ilikerockmusic6____it'ssoexciting.My7____band“Zero”isoneof8____bandsinChina.Ialsolikepopmusic.MyfriendLilylikesmusic9____shecandanceto.ButIthinkthatkindofmusicis10____loud.ZhangMinlikesmusic11____hasgreatlyrics.Ofcourse,hedoeswell12____Chinese,especiallyinwriting.
Adultsthinkdifferently.Mymother13____gentlemusic14____energeticmusic.Shethinksit'speacefultohear.
Howaboutyou?
What15____ofmusicdoyoulikebest?
1.A.lookfor B.lookingfor C.find D.finding
2.A.to B./ C.on D.for
3.A.a B.one C.an D./
4.A.Different B.Difference C.Same D.Similar
5.A.musician B.music C.musics D.musicians
6.A.because B.becauseof C.sothat D.that
7.A.bestlike B.likebest C.favorite D.favoritest
8.A.famous B.mostfamous C.themostfamous D.morefamous
9.A.that B.inthat C.bywhich D.whom
10.A.toomuch B.muchtoo C.toomany D.manytoo
11.A.who