国际贸易名词解释英文和简答论述期末考试复习资料全.docx
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国际贸易名词解释英文和简答论述期末考试复习资料全
《国际贸易》英文名词解释
InternationalTrade(国际贸易)
Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy,inwhichprices,orsupplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.
FreeTrade(自由贸易)
Themainideaoffreetradeisthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingonaglobalscale,willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently.Therefore,nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically.
Protectionism(贸易保护主义)
Incontrast,protectionismholdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly.Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.
ProductionPossibilitiesCurve/Frontier(生产可能性曲线/边界)
AProductionPossibilitiesFrontierisagraphthatshowsthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproduce,giventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheexistingtechnology.
OpportunityCost(机会成本)
OpportunityCostmeanswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.
SupplyCurve(供给曲线)
ASupplyCurveisagraphthatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.
DemandCurve(需求曲线)
ADemandCurveisagraphthatdescribestherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.
ExcessSupplyCurve(出口供给曲线)
BecauseExcessSupplyisasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded,ExcessSupplyCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictstherelationshipbetweenthepriceandtheavailablequantityforexportofaproduct.ExcessSupplyCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingasupplycurvewithacorrespondingdemandcurve.
ExcessDemandCurve(进口需求曲线)
BecauseExcessDemandisasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied,ExcessDemandCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictstherelationshipbetweenthepriceandthedesirablequantityforimportofaproduct.ExcessDemandCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingademandcurvewithacorrespondingsupplycurve.
ConsumerSurplus(消费者剩余)
ConsumerSurplusmeansabuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays.Consumersurplusmeasuresthebenefittobuyersofparticipatinginamarket.
ProducerSurplus(生产者剩余)
ProducerSurplusistheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scost.Producersurplusmeasuresthebenefittosellersofparticipatinginamarket.
EconomiesofScale(规模经济)
EconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases.
DiseconomiesofScale(规模不经济)
DiseconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases.
ConstantReturnstoScale(规模报酬不变)
ConstantReturnstoScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges.
IndifferenceCurve(无差异曲线)
IndifferenceCurveisacurvethatshowsconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumerthesamelevelofsatisfaction.
TheGravityModel(引力模型)
Initsbasicform,thegravitymodelassumesthatonlysizeanddistance(经济规模和距离)areimportantfortradeinthefollowingway:
Tij=AxYixYj/Dij
两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比,与两国之间的距离成反比。
ServiceOutsourcing(服务外包)
Serviceoutsourcingoccurswhenafirmthatprovidesservicesmovesitsoperationstoaforeignlocation.(服务外包是指一个企业将原本由自己提供的服务转移给国外供应商。
)
Mercantilism(重商主义)
Beliefthatnationcouldbecomerichandpowerfulonlybyexportingmorethanitimported.
Mercantilistsmeasuredwealthofanationbystockofpreciousmetalsitpossessed
AbsoluteAdvantage(绝对优势)
Anationhasabsoluteadvantageoveranothernationifitcanproduceacommoditymoreefficiently.Whenonenationhasabsoluteadvantageinproductionofacommodity,butanabsolutedisadvantagewithrespecttotheothernationinasecondcommodity,bothnationscangainbyspecializingintheirabsoluteadvantagegoodandexchangingpartoftheoutputforthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.
ComparativeAdvantage(比较优势)
Evenifonenationislessefficientthan(hasabsolutedisadvantagewithrespectto)theothernationinproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
ProductionPossibilities(生产可能性)
Theproductionpossibilityfrontier(PPF)ofaneconomyshowsthemaximumamountofagoodsthatcanbeproducedforafixedamountofresources.
FactorEndowment(要素禀赋)
theoverallamountofproductivefactors,suchascapital,labor,andland,availabletoonenation.
FactorAbundance(要素丰裕度)
Therearetwowaystodefinefactorabundance.Onewayisintermsofphysicalunits(i.e.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeachnation).Anotherwayisintermsofrelativefactorprice(i.e.,intermsoftherentalpriceofcapitalandthepriceoflabortimeineachnation).
FactorIntensity(要素密集度)
Inaworldoftwocommodities(XandY)andtwofactors(laborandcapital),atanygivenwage-interest,wesaythatcommodityYiscapitalintensiveifthecapital-laborratio(K/L)usedintheproductionofYisgreaterthanK/LusedintheproductionofX.
Heckscher-OhlinTheorem(H-O定理)
Aneconomyispredictedtoexportgoodsthatareintensiveinitsabundantfactorsofproductionandimportgoodsthatareintensiveinitsscarcefactorsofproduction.(一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品,进口密集使用其相对稀缺要素的商品。
)
Stolper-Samuelsontheorem(S-S定理):
长期内,出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素(本国的充裕要素)的报酬提高;进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素(本国的稀缺要素)的报酬下降。
Thefactorpriceequalizationtheorem(要素价格均等化定理)
Becauserelativeoutputpricesareequalizedandbecauseofthedirectrelationshipbetweenoutputpricesandfactorprices,factorpricesarealsoequalized.(由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关系,贸易后,产品相对价格的趋同会导致土地和劳动的相对价格的趋同)
Economiesofscale(规模经济)
Economiesofscalecouldmeaneitherthatlargerfirmsoralargerindustryismoreefficient:
thecostperunitofoutputfallsasafirmorindustryincreasesoutput.
Internaleconomiesofscale(内部规模经济)
Internaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhenthecostperunitofoutputdependsonthesizeofafirm.(随着工厂或企业规模的扩大,单位产品成本下降。
)
Externaleconomiesofscale(外部规模经济)
Externaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhencostperunitofoutputdependsonthesizeoftheindustry.(是指行业规模经济,由于行业内企业数量的增加和产业集聚所引起的产业规模的扩大,使行业中的单个企业获得单位成本下降的好处。
)
Monopolisticcompetition(垄断竞争)
Monopolisticcompetitionisamodelofanimperfectlycompetitiveindustry(垄断竞争是一个不完全竞争产业模式)
Inter-industryTrade(产业间贸易)
Tradeoccursonlybetweenindustries(贸易只在产业之间发生)
Intra-industryTrade(产业内贸易)
Tradeoccurswithintheindustry(由于产品的多样化或经济规模的扩大等原因,贸易在产业内发生)
Indexofintra-industrialtrade,IIT(产业内贸易指数)
表示产业内贸易在国际贸易中所占比重,用来衡量产业内贸易的发展程度。
Dumping(倾销)
Dumpingisthepracticeofchargingalowerpriceforexportedgoodsthanforgoodssolddomestically.Dumpingisanexampleofpricediscrimination(价格歧视):
thepracticeofchargingdifferentcustomersdifferentprices.
倾销的前提条件:
imperfectcompetitionexists:
firmsareabletoinfluencemarketprices.(不完全竞争的存在:
企业能够影响价格)
marketsaresegmentedsothatgoodsarenoteasilyboughtinonemarketandresoldinanother.andAnti-Dumping。
(市场是分割的,以至于商品)
Anti-Dumping(反倾销)
Dumping(aswellaspricediscriminationindomesticmarkets)iswidelyregardedasunfair.(倾销被认为是一种不公平的贸易行为)TheCommerceDepartmentmayimposean“anti-dumpingduty(反倾销税),”ortax,asaprecautionagainstpossibleinjury.
ExternalEconomies(外部经济)
Externaleconomies:
acountrythathasalargeindustrywillhavelowaveragecostsofproducingthatindustry’sgoodorservice.(当规模经济存在于一个行业内部而不是单个厂商内部时,就被称作外部经济)
DynamicIncreasingReturns(动态收益递增)
Dynamicincreasingreturnstoscaleexistifaveragecostsfallascumulativeoutputovertimerises.(当平均成本随着累积产量而非当前产量的增加而下降的情形就是动态规模报酬递增)
learningcurve(学习曲线)
Agraphicalrepresentationofdynamicincreasingreturnstoscaleiscalledalearningcurve(学习曲线).
Theefficiencycaseforfreetrade(自由贸易的效率).
Thefirstcaseforfreetradeistheargumentthatproducersandconsumersallocateresourcesmostefficientlywhengovernmentsdonotdistortmarketpricesthroughtradepolicy.
Politicalargumentforfreetrade(主张自由贸易的政治依据)
Politicalargumentforfreetrade,saysthatfreetradeisthebestfeasiblepoliticalpolicy,eventhoughtheremaybebetterpoliciesinprinciple.
TheTermsofTradeArgumentforaTariff(赞成关税的贸易条件改善论)
Fora“large”country,atarifforquotalowersthepriceofimportsinworldmarketsandgeneratesatermsoftradegain.Infact,asmalltariffwillleadtoanincreaseinnationalwelfareforalargecountry.
TheOptimumTariff(最优关税)
Foralargecountry,thereisanoptimumtarifft0atwhichthemarginalgainfromimprovedtermsoftradejustequalsthemarginalefficiencylossfromproductionandconsumptiondistortion.
Atariffratetpthatcompletelyprohibitsimportsleavesacountryworseoff,buttariffratet0mayexistthatmaximizesnationalwelfare:
anoptimumtariff.
TheDomesticMarketFailureArgumentAgainstFreeTrade(反对自由贸易的国内市场失灵论)
Asecondargumentagainstfreetradeisthatdomesticmarketfailures(国内市场失灵)mayexistthatcausefreetradetobeasuboptimalpolicy(次优政策).
theoryofthesecondbest(次优理论)
Thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeisanexampleofamoregeneralargumentcalledthetheoryofthesecondbest(次优理论).
次优理论认为,在任何一个市场上,只有所有其他市场都能正常发挥作用时,自由放任才是最理想的政策;如果不是这样,政府干预虽会扭曲市场激励,但有可能通过抵消市场失灵的影响而增加国家福利。
MedianVoterTheorem(中点选民理论)
Themedianvotertheorempredictsthatdemocraticpoliticalpartiesmaychangetheirpoliciestocourt(争取)thevoterinthemiddleoftheideologicalspectrum(意识形态范围)(i.e.,themedianvoter).越接近中点选民意见的政策越能得到大多数选民的支持。
CollectiveAction(集体行动)
Whileconsumersa