初中动词不定式专题讲解及练习.docx
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初中动词不定式专题讲解及练习
语法:
动词不定式
动词不定动式是一种非谓语动词形式,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以作除谓语之外的其它任何句子成分(主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语);动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,同时还保持动词的某些特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语,动词不定式和它的宾语和状语构成不定式短语。
一、构成:
todo.否定式nottodo
二、常见时态:
一般时todo进行时tobedoing完成式tohavedone
完成进行式tohavebeendoing
三、动词不定式在句子中的成分
1、作句子的主语:
现实中常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语动词不定式(或短语)后置。
比较下列句子
Tolearnfromyourfriendsisimportant.=Itisimportanttolearnfromyourfriends.
Toleavewithoutsayinggoodbyeisimpolite.=Itisimpolitetoleavewithoutsayinggoodbye.
TochatwithMissWhiteisapleasantthing.=ItisapleasantthingtochatwithMissWhite.
Towalktoschooltakesmetenminutes.=Ittakesmetenminutestowalktoschool.
句型总结
●Itis+adj.+ofsb.todo…=sb.is\are+adj.+todo…在以某些表示人的品质、特征等的形容词(如kind、good、nice、wrong、clever、right等)作表语时,不定式之前常加一个引起的短语,说明不定式指的是谁的情况(可以理解为某人的好,坏,聪明,愚蠢,对,错等等)。
Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.
It’snotpoliteofhimtospeaktooldpeoplelikethat.
●Itis+adj.+forsb.todo…≠sb.is\are+adj.+todo…如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,则在不定式前加一个for引起的短语,即不定式的逻辑主语。
Itisnecessaryforustostudyhard.
ItiseasyforhimtospeakEnglish.
动词不定式作主语练习
1.It'sourduty_________theroomeveryday.
A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleans(甘肃省)
2.It'shardforus_____Englishwell.
A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning(江西省)
3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
Itwill______theworkersoverayear_________theflyover.(北京市海淀区)
4.It'sverynice_____youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.
A.for,ofB.of,forC.to,forD.of,to(安徽省)
KEYS:
1.A2.C3.take,tobuild4.B
2、作句子的表语:
不定式放在be动词后面,用作表语如:
Herdreamistobeapoliceman.
Myjobistohelpthepatient.
Yourtaskistocleantheclassroom.
Mydreamistoownarobot.
Thedoctor’ssuggestionistotakemoreexercise.
Thebestwayistotalktoyourparents.
HisplanistotraveltoBeijingthissummer.
Mypurposeistohelpyousolvethisproblem.
3、作句子的宾语:
不定式放在及物动词后,用作宾语。
能跟不定式作宾语的动词(及物)很多,常见的有want,like,hate,wish,hope,prefer,try,ask,start,begin,decide,learn,choose,agree,expect,remember,forget,plan,decide,wouldlike,need,choose,agree,promise,refuse,setout,manage,pretend,
Iwanttogohome.
Theworkersdemandedtogetbetterpay.
Theybegantoreadandwrite.
Sheforgottoclosethedoor.
HewantedtoborrowmyCDplayer.
IhopetospeakEnglishwell.
Theworkersdemandedtogetbetterpay.
Ihopetohearfromyousoon.
Johndoesn’twanttobethehostofthecharityshow.
Theyaretryingtosolvetheproblembyhimself.
Millionsofpeoplehavelearnedtousecomputers.
有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟动名词作宾语,但含义不同:
forgettodosth.忘记要做某事
forgetdoingsth.忘记曾经做过某事
stoptodosth.停下来去做某事
stopdoingsth.停止做某事
goontodosth.继续做另一件事
goondoingsth.继续做原来在做的事
needtodosth.需要做某事
needdoingsth.需要被做
Don’tforgetoturnoffthelightsbeforeleaving.
Fathermuststopsmoking.
Thisbikeneedsrepairing/mending.
注意1:
动词不定式作宾语时如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放在后面,用it作形式主语,构成“主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词、名词)+不定式”结构
Ifounditnecessarytotalktohimagain.
IfounditimportanttolearnEnglish.
Ifonditdifficulttolearnphysics.
注意2:
常用带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有want,ask,tell,order,get,wish,allow,invite,teach,encourage,beg,等。
构成“vt,+sb.+(not)todosth.”结构。
Theteachertoldustoreadthetext.
Heaskedmenottotellyouthenews.
Hisparentsdidn’tallowhimtoplay.
Iexpectyoutogivemesomehelp.
Mr.Luasksuetohandinourhomeworkontime.
ThedocteradvisedMr.Greentodrinkmorewater.
Mr.Wutellsthestudentsnottoshoutinclass.
Mrs.ReadwhisheshersontolearnEnglishwell.
注意3:
不定式作宾补省去to的情况(在被动语态中则to不能省掉)
常用省去to的动词不定式作补足语的动词有:
一感(feel)、二听(hear,listento)、三让(make,let,have)、四看(lookat,see,watch,notice,observe)、半帮助help(可带to,也可不带tohelpsb(to)dosth)
Imadehimtodohiswork..----------------------------makesb.dosth.
Pleaselistentometosingthissongagain.-------------------listentosb.dosth.
Ifeltsomeonetoopenmydoor.--------------------------------feelsb.dosth.
Thebossmadethegirltoworktenhouraday.-------------makesb.dosth.
Youmustwatchmetodoeverything--------------------------watchsb.dosth.
Internetbarsmustn’tletanybodywatchbadthings,especiallychildren.-------letsb.dosth.
Heoftenhelps(to)cleantheroom.
Mr.Zhangalwayshelpsus(to)learnEnglish.
被动语to要加上
Hewasmadetodohiswork(byme)
Theyaremadetoworkfor12hoursaday.
Hewasheardtospeakinthenextroom.
Johnwasmadetowashthecarforaweekasapunishment.
Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatfoodaftertheoperation.
Internetbarsmustn’tletanybodywatchbadthings,especiallychildren.
动词不定式作宾语练习
1.Hewants___somevegetables.
A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys(山西省)
2.Don'tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.
A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking(福建省)
3.Hefounditverydifficult___
A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep(湖南省)
4.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.
A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith(江苏省)
5.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.
A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked(甘肃省)
6.Wesawhim___thebuildingandgoupstairs.
A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered(河南省)
7.Somuchworkusuallymakesthem__verytired.
A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel
8.Yourfatherissleeping.You'dbetter______.
A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphim
C.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimup(陕西省)
9.Iwasmade___myhomeworkintheafternoon.
A.doB.doingC.todoD.did
Keys:
1.C2.A3.D4.B5.C6.B7.D8.C9.C
4、作句子的定语:
不定式作定语时,应放在被修饰词的后面作后置定语。
如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.
Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringtheholiday.
Wehavealotworktodo.
Sheisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.
Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellyou.
Heislookingforaroomtolivein.--------------------------------------live是不及物动词
Thereisnothingforustoworryabout.----------------------------------worry是不及物动词
MrWuisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.
Thereisnoneedtotroublehim.没有必要去烦他
Haveyougotanythingimportanttotellme?
重要的事情去告诉我
I’vegotnothingtoworryabout.没有什么去担心
I’mthirsty.Givemesomethingtodrink.给我些东西去喝
Springisthebestseasontoplanttrees.春季是最好的季节去种树
Weallhaveachancetogotocollege.我们都有机会去上大学
动词不定式作定语练习
1.Wouldyoulikesomething____?
A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks(湖北省)
2.Ihavealotofhomework______.
A.doB.doingC.didD.todo(河南省)
3.Heisnotaneasyman______.
A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith(山东省)
5、作句子的状语:
动词不定式位于不及物动词之后作状语,可作目的、结果、原因状语。
cometodosth.
gotodosth.
stoptodosth.
inorder(not)todo
too+adj.+todosth.
adj.\adv.+enoughtodosth
soasto,
enoughto,
onlyto,
ShecameheretoborrowanEnglishbook.(目的)
Let’sstoptohavearest.
Sheistooyoungtogotoschool.(结果)
Herunsfastenoughtocatchahorse.
I’msorrytomakeyouwaitheresolong.(原因)
Wearesurprisedtoseesuchbeautifulanimals.
InordertoimprovehisEnglish,TomgoestotheEnglishcornereveryday.
Iwastootiredtofallsleep.
Sheranfasttocatchthefirstbus.
Heisrichenoughtobuyacar.
Agroupofyoungpeoplegottogethertodiscussthisquestion.目的
Inordertohelphim,wewoulddoeverythingwecan.(目的)
I’mtootiredtodowell.结果
Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.结果
动词不定式做状语练习
1.Shewent______herteacher.
A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing(江西省)
2.MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.Shedoesherbest______Englishwell.
A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns(四川省)
3.I'msorry______that.
A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear(河北省)
4.I'msorry______you.
A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled(吉林省)
5.Mymotherwasveryglad___heroldfriend.
A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets
6.Thepandaissofatthatitcan'tgothroughthehole.(改为意思相同的句子)
Thehole________________________suchafatpandatogothrough.(广东省)
7.Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn'tskateonit.(改为意思相同的句子)
Theiceonthelakewasn't____enough__people______________.(广东省)
KEYS:
1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A
6.is,too,small,for7.thick,for,to,skate,on
六、带疑问词的不定式短语
动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what,which,who或疑问副词how,when,where,why等。
这种结构起名词的作用,在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等,或者单独使用。
要注意的是,why后面的不定式不带to。
例如:
Idon’tknowwhattotrynext.(作宾语)
Wheretogoisnotdecidedyet.(作主语)
注意:
单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。
Whattodonext?
(=Whatwillwe/youdonext?
)
Whygothere?
(=Whydowe/yougothere?
)
在与why连用时,只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。
Whynothavearest?
Howtodoitisaproblem.(=Howweshoulddoit.)
Ireallydon’tknowwhattowriteabout.(=whatIshouldwriteabout)
Thetroubleiswheretoputthemachine.(=whereweshouldputthemachine)
IaskedhimhowtolearnEnglishwell.(=howIcouldlearnEnglishwell)
Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.
Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.
Myquestioniswhentostart.
Pleaseshowushowtousethecomputer.
Idon’tknowwhattobuyforyou.
动词不定式专项练习:
一、填空
1.——你父亲愿意去购物吗?
——不,他宁可在家听音乐。
——Doesyourfatherwanttogoshopping?
——No,heathome.
2.他们觉得有必要帮助残疾人。
Theyfoundthedisabled.
3.奥黛丽.赫本大部分时间致力于电影事业。
AudreyHepburnthefilmindustry.
4.叫孩子们不要轻视穷人。
Tellthepoor.
5.He.(宁愿呆在家里也不愿去看电影)
6.Father(习惯于看报)aftersupper.
7.Ifsomeonelaughsatyou,youshould.(不理睬)
KEYS:
1,prefersto\wouldratherlistentomusic
2,it(was)necessarytohelp
3,devotedmostofhertimeto
4,childrennottolookdownon
5,prefersstayingathometogoingtothecinema
6,isusedtoreadingnewspapers,
7,paynoattentiontohim
二,选择
1.Myteacherw