语言学—主语.pptx

语言学—主语.pptx

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Subject（主语）,试讲：

王晶内容：

林珊PPT制作：

凌芸,2,SubjectDefinition:

Insomelanguages,SUBJECTreferstooneofthenounsinthenominativecase（主格形式）.Ex.1）Paterfiliumamat.（thefatherlovestheson）2）Patremfiliusamat.（thesonlovesthefather）,主格,主格,3,InEnglish,thesubjectofasentenceisoftensaidtobethedoeroftheaction（动作的执行者）,whiletheobjectisthepersonorthingacteduponbythedoer.Accordingtotheparticularsemanticroles,thedoeroftheactionisnamedasagent（实施者）andthepersonorthingacteduponisnamedaspatient（受事者）.,4,Ex.MaryslappedJohn.AdogbitJohn.Johnwasbittenbyadog.Johnunderwentmajorheartsurgery.,agent/subject,agent/subject,patient/subject,patient/subject,grammaticalsubject（语法主语）,logicalsubject（逻辑主语）,Grammaticalsubject：

Logicalsubject:

5,thecoreobjectnoun（Johninthissentence）sitsintheslotbeforetheverbinthepassive.（核心宾语名词“在句中是John”在被动句中位于动词之前）,thecore（Adog）,nowthesubjectofapreposition（byadog）.（中心主语“Adog”即现在的介词宾语“byadog”被称作逻辑主语）,6,Subjectisalwayswhatthesentenceisaboout?

No!

Ex.Billisaverycraftyfellow.（Jackisprettyreliable,but）BillIdonttrust.AsforBill,Iwouldttakehispromisesveryseriously.,7,ThepropertiesofsubjectsinEnglishWordorder（词序）Pro-forms（代词形式）Agreementwithverb（与动词一致）Contentquestion（特指疑问）Tagquestion（反意疑问句）,8,Wordorder:

SubjectordinarilyprecedestheverbinsatementEx.Sallycolletsstamps.*CollectsSallystamps.,9,Pro-forms:

ThefirstandthirdpersonpronounsinEnglishappearinaspecialformwhenthepronounisasubject.Thisformisnotusedwhenthepronounoccursinotherpositions:

Ex.Helovesme.Ilovehim.Wethrewstonesatthem.Theythrewstonesatus.,10,Agreementwithverb:

Inthesimplepresenttense,as-sisaddedtotheverbwhenathirdpersonsubjectissingular.However,thenumberandpersonoftheobjectoranyotherelementinthesentencehavenoeffectatallontheformoftheverb:

Ex.Sheangershim.Theyangerhim.Sheangersthem.,11,Contentquestions:

Ifthesubjectisplacedbyaquestionword,therestofthesentenceremainsunchanged，asin（b）.Butwhenanyotherelementofthesentenceisplacedbyaquestionword,anauxiliaryverbmustappearbeforethesubject.Ifthebasicsentencedoesnotcontainanauxiliaryverb,wemustinsertdidordo（es）immediatelyafterthequestionword,asin（e）,12,Ex.Johnstole/wouldstealMrs.ThatcherspicturefromtheBritishCouncil.Whostole/wouldstealMr.sThatcherspicturefromtheBritishCouncil?

WhatwouldJohnsteal,ifhehadthechance?

WhatdidJohnstealfromtheBritishCouncil?

WhatdidJohnstealMrs.Thatcherspicturefrom?

13,Tagquestion:

Itisusedtoseekconfairmationofastatement.Italwayscontainsapronounwhichrefersbacktothesubject,andnevertoanyotherelementsinthesentence.Ex.JohnlovesMary,doesnthe?

MarylovesmaryJohn,doesntshe?

*JohnlovesMary,doesnthe?