科技英语学生1ok.docx

科技英语学生1ok.docx

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科技英语学生1ok

专业外语

PublishingResearch（1a）

Partsofaresearchpaper

Abstract:

providesthereaderwithabriefpreviewofyourstudy

Introduction:

providesanorientationforreaders,givingthebackgroundtheyneedtounderstandyourreport

Method:

describesthestepsyoufollowedandmaterialsyouusedinyourresearch

Result:

presentthefindingsofyourresearchwithbriefcomments

Discussion:

presentsabroadlookatyourfindingsandresearchasawhole.

1.Abstractfacts

∙Abstractsarefoundatthebeginningofjournalarticles,researchpapers,reports,theses,anddissertations.

∙Anabstractisacompletebutconciseandinformativeaccountofyourwork,i.e.,acondensationthatmakessensewithoutreferencetothefulldocument.Itisnotmerelyadescriptiveguidetothepaper’scontent.Itisanabbreviatedversionofthepaper（exceptforverylongreview-stylepapersormonographs,inwhichdescriptiveabstractsmaybeused）.

∙Thepurposesofwritinganabstractare:

1）Toenablereaderstoquicklyandaccuratelyidentifythesubstanceofyourworkandtodecideitsrelevancetotheirowninterests.2）Toadvertiseyourwork（toencouragereaderstoobtainandreadthefullarticle.

∙Anabstractisnotasummary.Asummaryappearsattheendofapieceofwork,andisarestatementoftheimportantfindingsandconclusions.Unliketheabstract,thesummarydoesnotincludecondensationsofanyotherportionsincludingthebackground,purpose,ormethodsofthestudy.

∙Withthephenomenonofinformationoverload,manyresearcherswillreadonlytheabstractofyourpaper.

∙Withtheadventofabstractdatabases,manyreaderswillseeyourabstractseparatelyfromtherestofthepaper.Therefore,writinganexcellentabstractisvitaltoencouragethemtoobtainthefullpaper,readit,andciteit.

2.Abstractcomponents

SampleAbstractanditselements

Inmanyculturesitisstandardbehaviorforpeopletohaveashortperiodofsleepafterthenoonmeal.Theaimofourstudywastodetermineifsuchasleepperiodenhancestheoverallworkefficiencyofofficeworkers.Twogroupsparticipatedinthestudy.Onegroupsleptafterthenoonmealandtheothergroupcontinuedworkingafterthenoonmeal.Resultsindicatedthatthosewhoslepthadbetteroverallworkefficiencyaccordingtothewell-knownRichardsworkefficiencyscale.Theresultssuggestthatemployersmaybenefitbygivingtheiremployeestheoptionofsleepingundisturbedafterthenoonmeal.

Abstracts（1b）

I.Abstractfacts

Theabstractisbyfarthemostimportantpageinyourthesis.Notonlydoesitsummarizethewholework,butalsoitisusuallythefirstparttheexaminerwillread.Aswithmostthingsinlife,firstimpressionsarevery,veryimportant!

Indeed,theexaminermayalreadyhaveagradeinmindforyourthesishavingreadonlytheabstract.Despitethis,manystudentswritetheabstractinagreathurry.Althoughtheabstractmustnecessarilybewrittenattheendoftheresearchwrite-up,greatcareshouldbegiventoitsconstruction,forthereasonsstatedabove.Thebestwaytowriteagoodabstractistoreviseitseveraltimes.

∙Abstractsarefoundatthebeginningofjournalarticles,researchpapers,reports,theses,anddissertations.

∙Anabstractisacompletebutconciseandinformativeaccountofyourwork,i.e.,acondensationthatmakessensewithoutreferencetothefulldocument.Itisnotmerelyadescriptiveguidetothepaper’scontent,itisanabbreviatedversionofthepaper（exceptforverylongreview-stylepapersormonographs,inwhichdescriptiveabstractsmaybeused）.

∙Thepurposesofwritinganabstractare:

1.Toenablereaderstoquicklyandaccuratelyidentifythesubstanceofyourworkandtodecideitsrelevancetotheirowninterests.2.Toadvertiseyourwork（toencouragereaderstoobtainandreadthefullarticle.

∙Anabstractisnotasummary.Asummaryappearsattheendofapieceofwork,andisarestatementoftheimportantfindingsandconclusions.Unliketheabstract,thesummarydoesnotincludecondensationsofanyotherportionsincludingthebackground,purpose,ormethodsofthestudy.

∙Withthephenomenonofinformationoverload,manyresearcherswillreadonlytheabstractofyourpaper.

∙Withtheadventofabstractdatabases,manyreaderswillseeyourabstractseparatelyfromtherestofthepaper.Therefore,writinganexcellentabstractisvitaltoencouragethemtoobtainthefullpaper,readit,andciteit.

∙Theessentialelementsofthestructureofanabstractarethebackground,theproblem,themethods,theresults,andtheimplications.

II.Abstractcomponents

SampleAbstractanditselements

Inmanyculturesitisstandardbehaviorforpeopletohaveashortperiodofsleepafterthenoonmeal.Theaimofourstudywastodetermineifsuchasleepperiodenhancestheoverallworkefficiencyofofficeworkers.Twogroupsparticipatedinthestudy.Onegroupsleptafterthenoonmealandtheothergroupcontinuedworkingafterthenoonmeal.Resultsindicatedthatthosewhoslepthadbetteroverallworkefficiencyaccordingtothewell-knownRichardsworkefficiencyscale.Theresultssuggestthatemployersmaybenefitbygivingtheiremployeestheoptionofsleepingundisturbedafterthenoonmeal.

Thelengthoftheabstractshouldberestrictedtothelimitsetbythejournalorrelevantacademicregulation,oftenabout250words（sayabout15sentences）.Theabstractconsistsof5linkedparts–background,problem,methods,results,andimplications.Theproportionoftheabstracttakenbyeachpartvariesconsiderably.Youneedtogettheattentionofthereaderwiththeabstract–maketheminterestedinyourwork.

Background:

Brieflysetupthebackgroundandcontexttothestudy,itsrationaleandsignificance.Withinthisbackground,youneedtocouchtheproblem.

Objectives:

Hereyouneedtoidentifytheparticularresearchproblemunderinvestigation,thepurposeofthestudy,andanyspecificresearchobjectivesorhypotheses.

Methods:

Outlinetheapproachyoutookandthemethodsyouusedtoinvestigatetheproblem.Describetheextentofthestudy,whatyoudidormeasured,andhowyoudidit.Specifythelocationofthestudyandwhenitwasperformed.

Results:

Giveanyimportantdata.Bespecific,notvague.Quantifyifpossible;avoidtermssuchas"most"or"some"ifyouhavethespecificnumbers.Statethemajorinterpretationsandfindings,howthefindingsrelatetotheoriginalresearchproblem,andanylimitations/caveatsontheresults.

Implications:

Finishbystatingthecontributionoftheworkanditsimplications.Theremaybeimplicationsforassociatedproblems,orforpreviousstudies,e.g.,reinterpretationofapreviousmodelmaybenecessaryinthelightofyourfindings.Doyourresultshavegeneralorspecificapplicationorrelevance?

Thestructureforanabstractdescribedaboveisappropriateforarticles,papers,thesesetc.Abstractsformeetings,conferences,andconferenceproceedingsaresometimesmorespeculative/descriptiveinnatureandmaynotfollowthisstructure.

Inordertobecomegoodatwritingabstracts,youneedtoreadandexamineothers’abstracts,andpracticewritingyourown.Youcanreadabstractsinjournalsandtheses,andbyaccessingabstractdatabases（e.g.,ScienceCitationIndex）.Whenreadinganabstract,peruseitproperlytojudgeifitisinformativeandwell-written.Youwillbeabletoidentifybothgoodandbadabstracts.Whenwritingyourown,giveyourselftimetoproducereviseddraftsandtrytoreaditassomeonereadingitforthefirsttime,i.e.,asyouraudience.

 III.Abstractverbtenses

Background:

Presenttense

Purpose/objectives:

Pasttense

Method:

Pasttense

Results:

Pasttense

Conclusion//implications:

Presenttenseusuallywithtentativeverbs/Modalauxiliaries（appear,seem,islikely,might,can,may）

IV.Abstracttips

∙Makeyourownworksoundinterestingandinspiring,afterall,ifyoucan’t,whocan?

∙Avoidlong-winded,complexsentences.Useoneormorewell-developedparagraphs,whichareunified,coherent,concise,andabletostandalone.

∙Usethesequenceinwhichthepartsofthereport/papersarediscussed:

background,purpose,findings,conclusions,recommendationsandfollowstrictlythechronologyofthereport/papers.

∙Avoidexcessiveuseofjargon,andexaggerativelanguage

∙Keepwithinthespecifiedwordlimit.Mostinstitutionswillhavetheirown"houserules"astothelengthoftheabstract,butcouldvaryupto200-600words.Theabstractshouldstandaloneandbeabletobeunderstoodwithoutreferencetocitations,

∙Ensuretheabstractcontainsallyourkeywords（forthesearchabledatabases）.

∙Addnonewinformationbutsimplysummarizethereport/papers.Beintelligibletoawideaudience

VI.Writingpractice

对军用飞机发动机的一项基本要求是它们能够在失去油压后继续工作六分钟。

这项研究的目的是评价一种新的发动机的添加剂的性能。

在恶劣的工作情况下测试了两台发动机。

在试验结束时使用新的添加剂的发动机工作状况更好。

结果表明新的添加剂会给我们的国家提供军事上的战略优势。

Newwords:

oilpressure,additive,strategic

Indicate,describe,presents,suggest,illustrate

Theobjectiveofthestudy/research/paperwastodescribe…

Theresultindicated…

Theresultseemstosuggest…

Theresultisidentifiedasbeingusefulin…

Publishingresearch2a

Readthefollowingsampleanddecidehowmanyelementsithas:

Introduction

Duringthepastfewdecades,computershavegainedenormouspopularityinmanyaspectsoftheUnitedStates’culture.Onereasonforthisisthatcomputertechnologyhasbeenadvancingsoquicklythatevensmallcomputerscannowperformalargenumberofusefultasks.Becauseofthis,schoolsarepurchasingmoreandmoremicrocomputersandincorporatingthemasteachingtoolsinmanyoftheircourses.

Mostresearchesagreethatmicrocomputerswillpl